Kolegij
Studiji
Medical Studies in EnglishStudijska godina
5ISVU ID
224955ECTS
11.00
Pediatrics is a compulsory course in the fifth year of the Integrated Undergraduate and Graduate University Study of Medicine in English. It consists of 40 hours of lectures, 70 hours of seminars and 107 hours of practicals (11 ECTS credits).
Course objective:The course Pediatrics aims to acquire basic knowledge and skills in pediatrics. Pediatrics is a medical discipline defined by the object of interest - the child, from birth to maturity. The interest of pediatrics is focused on the child as an individual and on the wholepediatric population. The tasks of pediatrics are multiple: study and surveillance of the growth and development of children, protection and improvement of children's health, prevention and cure of diseases, and rehabilitation of disabled children. Pediatrics is based on the unitarist approach, combining three main components of children's health care - prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. The unique significance of pediatrics is that delivering health care to the youngest and most vulnerable age largely determines the health of future generations of adults.
The course provides specific knowledge and practical skills in pediatrics at the level required for a future primary health care practitioner, enabling students to basic diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to a sick child, initial management of the most common pediatric diseases, emergency care in pediatrics, disease prevention and environmental health hazards.
Course content:
Propedeutics in pediatrics is focused on the peculiarities of young age, pediatric history, and physical examination of the child from infancy to adolescence and acquiring communication skills with children and parents/guardians. The main contents are the definition of pediatrics, the development and future of pediatrics in Croatia and the world, medical history in pediatrics, physical examination of the child, emotional development of the child, medical psychology of the sick child, the most common psychological disorders of children and adolescents and abused and neglected child.
General, social, and preventive pediatrics: General pediatrics includes theoretical and practical aspects of the physiology and pathology of growth and development, nutrition and nutritional disorders, assessment of nutritional status and nutritional disorders, and water, electrolyte, mineral, and acid-base disorders.
Social pediatrics studies the interaction of the child and the environment and the environmental factors that affect the child's health at the individual and population levels. Preventive pediatrics combines knowledge about the possibilities of preventive activities and improving children's health. The main contents are basics of child growth and development, growth and development by age, growth retardation, tall stature, nutrition of infants, preschool and school children, adolescent nutrition and its disorders, nutritional assessment, malnutrition, obesity, vitamin intake and metabolism-related diseases, nutrition of the sick child, water, electrolyte, mineral and acid-base disorders, vital statistics data, maternal and child health care, active immunisation, newborn screening and symptomatic treatment of children.
Special pediatrics is the largest unit that includes pathological conditions related to age (infancy, preschool age, school age, puberty, and adolescence) and pathological conditions associated with certain organ systems, with special attention to those conditions that differ from adults. Special attention is paid to recognising and managing emergencies in pediatrics, the chronically ill child, and the health care transition. The main contents are hereditary and prenatally acquired diseases, metabolic diseases, healthy newborn infants, diseases of the newborn, respiratory diseases, allergy and allergic diseases, immunity and immunodeficiencies, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic diseases, diseases of the blood, malignant diseases, diseases of the urinary system, diseases of the endocrine system, diseases of the digestive system, liver disease, neuromuscular diseases, critically ill child and chronically ill child.
Course learning outcomes:
- Cognitive domain- knowledge
- To define tasks and unitarist approach to pediatrics
- To describe the basic vital statistical terminology and organisation of maternal and child healthcare
- To recognise the importance of prevention in children’s health
- To associate the main symptomsand signs of the most common childhood diseases with specific clinical conditions and syndromes
- To select appropriate diagnostic procedures for the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatrics
- To demonstrate the abilityfor treatment planningfor the most common pediatric diseases
- To analyse and evaluate the courseof treatment, its efficacy and outcomes
II. Psychomotor domain - skills
- To practice taking a pediatric history
- To apply physical examination of the child
- To recognise the average physical growth and development of the child and disturbances in growth and development
- To perform basic practical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures under supervision (taking of biological samples, blood pressure measurement, body temperature measurement, procedures with a febrile child, application of drugs in children)
- To perform basic resuscitation skills of childrenand management of the most common emergencies in pediatrics
- To set optimal therapeutic procedures for the most common diseasesin children (with assistance)
- To participate in a multidisciplinary approachto the pediatric patient
Course structure
Classes (lectures, seminars, practicals) are held in the 10th semester of the study for eight weeks at the Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka – locality Sušak. Lectures are held in the first two weeks, and seminars and practicals are held for seven weeks.
Practicals are held at the Clinic for Pediatrics - Sušak (Vjekoslava Dukića 7), Skills Lab Simulation Centre (Kabinet vještina), Adress: Zgrada Sveučilišnih odjela, Radmile Matejčić 2, Rijeka.
The first two weeks of lectures are common to all students. During lectures, students gain a theoretical overview of the main contents of the course. Seminars are problem-oriented, with case presentations. Students should regularly attend seminar classes and theoretically prepare for seminars according to the attached schedule (interactive courses). In case of an unfavourable epidemiological situation, it is possible to hold classes online.
Practicals are held for six weeks. Students are divided into groups of 5-7 students per teacher. During the practicals, students directly learn skills and practical knowledge. The first four days are practicals in pediatric propedeutics, followed by a rotation of pediatric activities and teachers, allowing students to learn about broad casuistic in pediatrics.
All students will do practicals in the Skills Lab Simulation Centre. Each group will do one day of practicals in the skills cabinet. They will be divided into three subgroups and practice different skills on the models: resuscitation in children, resuscitation of the newborn at birth, application of an intraosseous needle, safe defibrillation, and intubation.
Students will be provided with all necessary information about classes regularly.
Nelson Essential of Pediatrics, 9th Edition April 2022
Bernstein D, Shelov SP. Pediatrics for Medical Students. 3rd edition. Wolters Kluwer -Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, 2011. Chaurasia DD. Pediatrics For Students and Practitioners. 2nd edition. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd, India, 2021.
Students are required to attend classesregularly (lectures, seminars, practicals). Attendance at all forms of teaching is checked.
A student has the right to miss up to 30% of classes (for health reasons). A medical certificate justifies the absence from classes. Students who miss more than 30% of classes cannot complete the course.
Use of protective equipment and instruments: Students are required to attend practicals in clean medical coats and to bring a stethoscope. Protective masks, latex gloves, and other protective equipment will be used depending on the epidemiological situation.
If a student has a possible contagious disease (common cold, acute enteral infection, etc.) and comes to the practical, they should inform the teacher about their health condition, who will assess the risk of student contact with outpatients and hospitalized patients.
Recording and photographing patientsand staff are not allowed.
Students are required to respect the good practice of academic behavior with colleagues, teachers and other staff of the Department of Pediatrics.
The ECTS grading system is carried out by the current University of Rijeka Study Regulations and the Student Regulations at the Faculty of Medicine Rijeka (adopted by the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Medicine Rijeka). The ECTS grading scale is defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission.
The activity and knowledge of students are evaluated and assessed during thecourse and the final exam. Out of 100 points, a student can achieve a maximum of10 points during the course (on practicals), 10 points on the student seminars, 20 points on the written exam, 10 points on the practical exam and up to 50 points on the final oral exam. Student progress assessment uses ECTS (D-A and F) and a numerical system (2-5 and 1). Credits are awarded only when the course has been completed, and all required examinations have been successfully taken.
During the course, the student acquirespoints by assessing the knowledge and activity on the practicals, in the written exams, and achieving success in student seminars. Teachers evaluate achievement in practicals, and the student is awarded a maximum of 10 points. The assessment is based on the student's attendance, activities, knowledge, and skills acquired and demonstrated during the practicals.
Achievement in practical exams during the course is evaluatedaccording to the following table:
Rating | Points |
excellent (5) | 10 |
very good (4) | 8 |
good (3) | 7 |
sufficient (2) | 5 |
insufficient (1) | 0 |
Student seminars: Students will choose a patient they saw during the exercises. The presentation of the case (anamnesis, clinical picture and laboratory findings, as well as the course of the disease and treatment) will be given in the seminar. Students will present all this in a PowerPoint presentation to other students. The seminar and presentation should be emailed to their assistant at least 3 days before the presentation day. The written seminar, the PowerPoint presentation, the mode of presentation, the knowledge and the teamwork are evaluated.
Achievement in student seminars is evaluatedaccording to the following table:
Rating | Points |
excellent (5) | 10 |
very good (4) | 8 |
good (3) | 7 |
sufficient (2) | 5 |
insufficient (1) | 0 |
The Written exam (up to 20 points) is held after the practicals and seminars. It has 60 multiple-choice questions. The time for the written exam is one hour. A student has passed a written test if they correctly answer at least 50% of the questions.
The resultsof the Written examare evaluated according to the following table:
Correct answers | Rating | Points |
54 - 60 | excellent (5) | 20 |
45 - 53 | very good (4) | 17 |
36 - 44 | good (3) | 14 |
30 - 35 | sufficient (2) | 10 |
≤ 29 | insufficient (1) | 0 |
A student who achieves five or more points during the course and passes the written exam can take the final exam. The final grade reflects the points earned during the course and on the final exam. If the final exam is graded as insufficient, it is considered that the student did not pass, regardless of the pointsearned during the course.
A student who achieves less than 5 points during the course is not entitled to take the final exam and must re-enrol in the course. A student who didn’t attend student seminars or has less than 29 answers on a written exam can not take the final exam.
The final exam consists of a practical and a theoretical part. The practical part of the exam is a practical test of knowledge, including the patient's physical examination and laboratory analysis. The student can achieve a maximum of 10 points on the final practical exam. The successful practical part of the final exam is a condition for taking the theoretical part of the final exam. If the student did not pass the oral exam, they must repeat it on thefollowing final exam. The final exam's theoretical part covers the course's teaching material.
A student who passed the final practical part and did not pass the theoretical part on the next final exam must not repeat the practical part of the final exam.
The final practical exam (up to 10 points) is graded according to the followingtable:
Rating | Points |
excellent (5) | 10 |
very good (4) | 8 |
good (3) | 7 |
sufficient (2) | 5 |
insufficient (1) | 0 |
The final oral exam (up to 50 points) is graded according to the followingtable:
Result | Points |
excellent (5) | 50 |
very good (4) | 40 |
good (3) | 30 |
sufficient (2) | 25 |
insufficient (1) | 0 |
The final grade is the sum of ECTS grades achieved during the course and on the final exam. It is expressed by the corresponding percentage, the letter of the alphabet and the numerical grade according to the followingtable:
Final grade | |
A (90-100%) | excellent (5) |
B (75-89,9%) | very good (4) |
C (60-74,9%) | good (3) |
D (50-59,9%) | satisfactory (2) |
Teaching content and other information related to the course Pediatrics is posted on the Merlin platform. Additional information can be obtained continuously during classes from the course coordinator, by personal contact or via email (the e-mail addresses of the teaching staff of the Department of Pediatrics can be found on the faculty website).
Department Secretary:
Tatjana Mužik, M.Ec.
E-mail: tatjana.muzik@medri.uniri.hr
Phone: +385 (0)51 640 267
Office 148, 3rd Floor
- Office hours for students:
Department Office – Monday–Friday from 8 am to 4 pm
Ishodi učenja
Define pediatrics as a branch of medicine. List the goals of pediatrics. Classify developmental age. Define and explain the importance of the infant mortality rate. List the most common causes of child mortality. Explain the organization of children's health care. Explain the change in morbidity and trends in contemporary pediatrics.
Ishodi učenja
To understand the importance of biopsychosocial factors influencing a child’s health and development, particularly the connection between children and maternal health.
Ishodi učenja
To define the task of social pediatrics. To explain the Convention on the Rights of the Child. To explain the vital statistics related to pediatrics.
Ishodi učenja
To analyze standard growth charts. To calculate the body surface area. To know regular growth patterns in children, failure to thrive and understand short stature. To describe the pattern of decreased growth. To list and describe neonatal reflexes. To define developmental milestones.
Ishodi učenja
To define the basic features of normal psychomotor development. To explain psychomotor, cognitive and emotional development. To recognize the alteration in psychomotor development
Ishodi učenja
To explain infant nutrition and the importance of breastfeeding. To understand the optimal nourishment of preschool and school children. To list and describe the eating disorders in children. To define malnutrition and obesity.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the normal physiology of fluid requirement and electrolyte balance. To calculate standard daily fluid requirements. To calculate normal daily requirements of sodium and potassium. To analyse the acid-base disorders. To describe the signs of dehydration and initial treatment options.
Ishodi učenja
- define the term infant and birth weight classification
- understand fetal growth
- explain the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life
- illustrate the procedures in normal delivery
- recognise the physiologic characteristics of the newborn
- list the most common birth injuries
- explain the APGAR index.
Ishodi učenja
To define the premature newborn and the causes of prematurity. To explain the characteristics of premature infants. To determine the risk factors and complications of prematurity.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common emergencies in the delivery room. To describe the newborn resuscitation algorithm. To explain the clinical signs and emergency treatment of the most common newborns' emergency conditions.
Ishodi učenja
List the main laboratory tests. Define blood count. Explain the normal values of red and white blood cells. Discuss the benefit of the differential blood count. Define anemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. To recognise the disorder of the blood count in the most common diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common hereditary diseases. To understand the conditions caused by chromosomal abnormalities, such as autosomal and gonosomal anomalies. To explain DNA analysis in medical genetics.
Ishodi učenja
To define hereditary metabolic diseases. To explain neonatal screening in Croatia. To describe the signs of metabolic illnesses in children. To explain the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Ishodi učenja
Define the difference between active and passive immunisation. Describe the benefit of vaccination in controlling infectious diseases worldwide and in Croatia. Analyse the causes that affect vaccination coverage. Classify the types of vaccines and list the mandatory vaccines in Croatia. Describe adverse post-vaccination reactions. Distinguish contraindications to vaccination from situations when vaccination can be carried out with precautions. List examples of indications for passive immunisation in childhood.
Ishodi učenja
Describe the most important features of the lungs' and airways' morphology and function specific to developmental age. To single out the specifics of propaedeutics in diseases of the respiratory system of children. List and describe the most essential congenital anomalies of the respiratory system. Classify and describe inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. To single out the specifics of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to upper respiratory tract inflammation in children compared to adults. Classify pneumonia in children. Describe and highlight the specifics of diagnosing and treating community-acquired pneumonia in children. List the leading causes of severe acute airway obstruction in children. Describe and explain the clinical features of acute inflammatory obstructions - croup and bronchiolitis - in infancy and childhood. Define and describe the clinical features of childhood asthma. Differentiate the treatment of chronic asthma inflammation from the treatment of acute asthma exacerbation. Recognise suspected foreign body aspiration and describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
Ishodi učenja
List and describe the specifics of the anamnesis and physical examination in children with diseases of the heart and blood vessels. List the main diagnostic tests for diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Explain the specifics of chest X-ray imaging in diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Describe and recognise the particulars of ECG findings depending on the child's age. List the indications and describe the diagnostic possibilities of echocardiography in children. List and classify the most common congenital heart defects and describe their epidemiological and etiological aspects. Define the characteristics and explain hemodynamics and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the most common congenital heart defects. List, describe and recognise heart rate and rhythm disorders. Recognise and describe the therapeutic process of paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmias. Classify and describe the most common inflammatory heart diseases. Classify and describe the characteristics of the most common cardiomyopathies.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the physiology of red blood cells. To define anemia. To describe the classification of anemia according to etiology and MCV. To list and explain the etiology of hemolytic anaemias. To describe the treatment options for anaemia.
Ishodi učenja
Explain immune reactivity depending on the child's age. To single out and explain the problem of weaker immune reactivity to T-independent antigens of encapsulated bacteria in infancy and toddler age. List the clinical features that suggest the presence of immune disorders. List and explain the risk factors for recurrent respiratory infections. Define and classify primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. List and explain the most common causes of secondary immunodeficiencies. State the clinical elements that raise the suspicion of primary immunodeficiency in the child. Describe the clinical features of primary disorders of the function of cellular and humoral immunity and primary disorders of the role of phagocytes and complement. Explain the principles of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to children suffering from primary or secondary immunodeficiency.
Ishodi učenja
Define basic terms in allergology (allergy, atopy, allergic sensitisation). Classify allergic and atopic diseases. Explain the epidemiological aspects of allergic diseases and relate them to their etiopathogenesis. List and classify the most common allergens in childhood. Explain the "allergy march". Classify the types and list the causes of urticaria. State the therapeutic approach to urticaria and Quincke's edema. Define drug allergy and describe its most common skin presentations. Explain pseudoallergic reactions. Define anaphylaxis and list its most common causes. Explain the treatment of anaphylaxis. Explain the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and describe its clinical features and treatment. Explain allergen-specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases and immune mechanisms for achieving immunotolerance. List the levels of prevention of allergic diseases and explain their principles.
Ishodi učenja
Define and classify rheumatic diseases of childhood. Explain the diagnostic principles and therapeutic approach to rheumatic diseases. Classify juvenile idiopathic arthritis into its subtypes and explain the characteristics of their clinical presentation. Define and explain the difference between reactive and post-infectious arthritis. Define and describe the clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Classify and enumerate the most common childhood vasculitis. To describe the clinical presentation of Henoch-Shonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease and explain the treatment of these diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common digestive system diseases in children. To describe the symptoms of diseases of the digestive system. To describe the signs of liver disease. To explain the diagnostic approach to digestive system diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common diseases of the endocrine system. To describe the symptoms and signs of endocrine disease.
Ishodi učenja
To define the urinary tract infection. To explain hematuria and proteinuria. To describe the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common malignant diseases in children. To describe the etiology of malignant diseases. To explain the classification of childhood cancer. To describe the signs of malignant disease and treatment.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the neurological signs and symptoms in physical examination. To describe the diagnostic tests in pediatric neurology. To list the most common neurological diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the signs of respiratory and circulatory failure. To explain the initial treatment options for respiratory and circulatory failure in children. To describe the stabilisation of a critically ill child and describe transportation specifics.
Ishodi učenja
To list the main parts of pediatric history. Communicate with parents and/or sick children about the main complaint. To use the hospital medical information program. To recognise the critical information while talking with parents about current illness, family history, medical history of growth and development, immunisation and past medical history
Ishodi učenja
Assess the general condition; Assess the vital functions, consciousness, breathing, and circulation; measure the body temperature; measure the blood pressure; palpate the pulse in infants and older children. Examine the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Ishodi učenja
Collect the nasal and throat swabs. To describe the peripheral intravenous line placement. To describe the administration of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. Interpretate the blood count and biochemical findings To analyse the urinary findings. Interpretate the electrocardiograms.
Ishodi učenja
Assess physical growth and development. Explain anthropometric measurements (body weight, body length/height, head circumference). Assess the development and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Describe the primary and secondary dentition. Evaluate pubertal development (according to Tanner criteria, assessment of bone maturity). Compare the measured values with standards for healthy children of the same age and sex. Interpret growth charts, calculate body mass index, and predict final body height. Compare the basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, high stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, malnutrition, obesity, hirsutism
Ishodi učenja
Explain the regular feeding of infant, preschool and school-age children. Describe the importance of breastfeeding (characteristics of breast milk, advantages of breastfeeding, difficulties in breastfeeding). Describe the formula feeding. Explain the time for introducing solid foods. Define the infantile colic.
Ishodi učenja
Calculate the daily requirements of fluid and electrolytes. Describe the clinical signs of dehydration. Analyse the treatment of dehydration - oral and intravenous rehydration. Explain the pathophysiology and treatment of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Explain the pathophysiology and treatment of potassium disorders: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia.
Ishodi učenja
Describe the clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases. List the pathognomonic clinical findings associated with inborn errors of metabolism. List the laboratory findings suggestive of inherited metabolic diseases. Suggest the. Explain the initial laboratory investigation and specific tests/selective newborn screening. Describe the principles of the treatment.
Ishodi učenja
Analyse the family pedigree. Explain the family history and physical examination in genetics. Describe the significance of early diagnosis of genetic anomalies. List the indications for prenatal genetic testing. Describe the cytogenetic analysis and molecular genetics. List the most common clinical disorders due to chromosomal and gonosomal abnormalities. Explain the genetic counselling
Ishodi učenja
To perform the physical examination of the newborn infant. To observe the initial care in the delivery room. To describe neonatal resuscitation. To calculate and explain the APGAR score. Assess gestational age. Assess the respiratory disorders. Recognise the pathological signs: jaundice, cyanosis, bleeding, skin infections, umbilical infections, mastitis. To examine the oral cavity. Auscultate the lungs and recognise the normal and pathological sounds. Auscultate the heart, Palpate the abdomen, size of the liver and spleen, auscultation of bowel sounds, flatulence. To examine the external genitalia of female/male term and preterm newborns, Examine the hips. Neurologically examine the newborn: normal and pathological position, spontaneous movements, active and passive tone, and neonatal primitive reflexes. Explain the neonatal screening (metabolic diseases, hearing screening, screening for critical congenital heart defects). List the most common pathological conditions in neonatology (tachypnea, dyspnea, jaundice, infections, perinatal asphyxia, congenital heart defects, birth injuries)
Ishodi učenja
Examine the airway patency. Auscultate the lungs. Describe the normal respiratory rates by age. List the symptoms of respiratory failure. Explain the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: Indications for the chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. List the indications for oxygen supplementation. Describe the Tuberculin sensitivity (PPD) test. List pediatric pulmonology's most common pathological conditions and diseases (acute upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, airway foreign bodies).
Ishodi učenja
Describe the normal heart rate by age. Perform the blood pressure measurement. Describe cyanosis, venous pulsations, and heart hump. Interpret chest X-rays and standard values and characteristics of electrocardiographic findings in children. List the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric cardiology. Explain the hemodynamics of congenital heart diseases and the basic features of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Explain the basic features of acyanotic congenital heart diseases. Describe the cyanotic spells and management. List the most common disturbances in heart rate and rhythm. Explain the heart failure: signs, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy.
Ishodi učenja
Describe the clinical features of the child with immunodeficiency. Explain the essential laboratory evaluation of the child with immunodeficiency. Analyse the principles of treatment. List the secondary immunodeficiencies.
Ishodi učenja
List the diagnostic testing. Explain the principles of treatment of allergic diseases. List the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric allergology (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema, food allergy, drug allergy)
Ishodi učenja
List the typical clinical features of rheumatic diseases in children. Discuss the diagnostic approach and the principles of treatment for the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric rheumatology (rheumatic fever, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis)
Ishodi učenja
Perform the inspection of the abdomen, superficial and deep palpation, and percussion of the abdomen: liver, spleen and lumbar percussion. Palpate the liver and spleen. Auscultate the abdomen (peristalsis and vascular murmurs) Recognize the abdominal masses, hernias, flatulence, ascites. List the diagnostic procedures. Observe the stool sample collection. Explain how to prepare the child for endoscopic examinations. Describe the digital rectal exam. Describe the enema administration. Describe the most common digestive system pathologies (gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis and peptic ulcer, foreign body ingestion, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease)
Ishodi učenja
List the basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, tall stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, gynecomastia, malnutrition, obesity, and hirsutism. Perform the blood glucose testing using test strips and a blood glucose meter, and measure glucose and ketone concentrations in urine using test strips, acid-base and electrolyte analysis. Explain the blood glucose monitoring and nutrition of the child with diabetes, the principles of insulin therapy, and the basic principles of insulin pump therapy. Describe the treatment of acute complications (hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis). List the disorders of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands. Describe the assessment of adrenocortical function. List the most common pathological conditions (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome)
Ishodi učenja
Perform the palpation of the kidneys and bladder and examination of external genitalia. Perform urine collection for routine and microbiological examination. Explain the urinalysis. Describe the renal function tests. List the symptoms and signs of kidney and urinary tract diseases: edema, hypertension, oliguria, polyuria, hematuria, proteinuria List the most common pathological conditions and diseases of the urinary tract (urinary tract infection, urinary tract abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, urolithiasis, acute renal injury.
Ishodi učenja
Obtain a history of iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy and bleeding diathesis. Describe clinical features of blood disorders (pallor, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy). List laboratory findings of blood disorders. Palpate and describe the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Explain the types of bleeding and their association with bleeding disorders. Perform the basic interpretation of complete blood count and age-dependent changes in childhood. Interpretation of coagulation test results. List the indications for red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions List the most common diseases of blood, hematopoietic organs and solid tumors in children (iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, hereditary disorders of hemostasis, thrombocytopenia, acquired neutropenia, leukemia, lymphoma, solid malignant tumors) Describe the principles of antitumor therapy.
Ishodi učenja
Perform the neurologic examination of preschool and school-age children. Perform inspection and assessment of the mental state, cranial nerves, motor examination—coordination, sensory functions, tendon reflexes, gait, meningeal signs, and cognitive functions. Examine the head and face (head circumference, fontanels, cranial sutures/dyscrania, dysmorphia). Examine the spine (deformities, anomalies). List the diagnostic procedures: Observe the lumbar puncture, indications, and technique interpretation of the cerebrospinal fluid findings. List the most common pathological conditions and diseases of the nervous system and muscles (headaches, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and epileptic syndromes, neurocutaneous syndromes, neuromuscular disorders, facial palsy)
Ishodi učenja
Recognise the life-threatening conditions. Perform the Basic life support on manikins; Explain the advanced life support Intubation, vascular access / intraosseous administration of drugs and post-resuscitation care
Ishodi učenja
To describe chest x-ray in healthy child; to recognise pneumonia and pneumothorax on x-ray. To recognise the importance of ultrasound in diagnostics
Ishodi učenja
To explain the physical methods for treating fever in children and list antipyretics. To describe the acute management of seizures and management of acute asthma. To describe the Initial evaluation and management of poisonings. To explain the treatment of a child with hypoglycemia. Assess the management of diabetic ketoacidosis and anaphylaxis. To describe the rational use of antibiotics in children
Ishodi učenja
To explain the acid-base/osmolar gap disturbances. To analyse metabolic acidosis – aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. To analyse respiratory acidosis. To explain respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the algorithm of BLS in children. To practice resuscitation on manikins.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common emergencies in children. To observe the procedures in emergency ambulance
Ishodi učenja
Clinical skills in Lab Simulation Centre: to practice on manikins the recognition an treatment procedures of most common emergencies in children
Ishodi učenja
To list all parts of the pediatric history. List all the questions that are needed in taking a pediatric history
Ishodi učenja
Describe the sequence and procedure of clinical examination of pediatric patients. Understand the specifics of the physical examination of an infant and a young child
Ishodi učenja
To describe the algorithm of procedures in basic life support in children. To show the airway opening manoeuvres and the cardiac compressions point on the manikins.
Ishodi učenja
List and explain the causes of short and tall stature. To explain the treatment options for short stature.
Ishodi učenja
To define high fever in children. To list the causes and pathophysiology of fever. Describe the treatment of high fever.
Ishodi učenja
Define cough. Classify the types of coughs. List the most common causes of acute and chronic cough depending on the age of the child. Apply targeted anamnestic questions to discover the cause of cough. List the initial diagnostic test s in a child who coughs. Specify targeted tests to detect the cause of cough. Recognize the clinical features of cough caused by a serious underly ing chronic lung disease. Discuss the principles of cough treatment.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the symptoms of respiratory distress. Discuss the treatment options for neonates with respiratory disorders.
Ishodi učenja
Define the causes of perinatal brain damage. To list treatment options for perinatal brain damage.
Ishodi učenja
To list the causes of neonatal jaundice. To describe the difference between physiologic and pathological jaundice in newborns. To explain the treatment for neonatal jaundice.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the clinical signs of infections in newborns. To define early and late-onset neonatal sepsis. To explain the causes of neonatal sepsis. To discuss treatment options for neonatal sepsis.
Ishodi učenja
To define premature infants according to gestational age. To describe the care of premature infants in the delivery room. To list the complications of prematurity.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize and distinguish between the clinical features of viral, bacterial and atypical community-acquired pneumonia in children. Choose laboratory and imaging tests to diagnose pneumonia. Explain the principles of empiric antimicrobial therapy of pneumonia. Identify indications for hospital treatment of pneumonia. Recognise and compare the clinical features of successful and unsuccessful treatment of pneumonia.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. To describe the spectrum of clinical presentations of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Analyze and evaluate the results of laboratory and imaging tests in pulmonary tuberculosis. Explain the microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Define latent tuberculosi s. Distinguish between antimicrobial treatment of active and latent tuberculosis in children.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the symptoms and signs of serious airway obstruction in children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between extrathoracic and intrathoracic airway obstruction. Recognize inflammatory airway obstructions typical of infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between subglottic and supraglottic airway obstruction. To compare the pharmacotherapeutic approach between viral croup and bronchiolitis
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the clinical presentation of childhood asthma. Choose diagnostic tests in a child with suspected asthma. Analyze the results of spirometric measurement of lung function. Choose anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic asthmatic inflammation. List the drugs and determine the dosages and choose the method of their application in the treatment of acute asthmatic exacerbation . Recognize the indications for hospital treatment of an acute asthmatic attack.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize suspicion of aspiration of a foreign body in a child. List and explain the stages of clinical presentation in acute aspiration of a foreign body. Recognize pathological signs on X-ray images of chest organs in case of aspiration of a foreign body. To assess the indication for bronchoscopy in a child with suspected foreign body aspiration. List the most common foreign bodies that children aspirate. Identify measures to prevent aspiration of a foreign body.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis from other chronic lung and digestive diseases. Apply diagnostic criteria in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. To correlate genotype and phenotype in patients with cystic fibrosis. Explain the basic principles of cystic fibrosis treatment. Choose a possible CFTR modulator according to the patient's CFTR genotype.
Ishodi učenja
To define central and peripheral cyanosis. To list the causes of cyanosis. To explain the diagnostic approach in child with cyanosis.
Ishodi učenja
To list the causes of chest pain in children. To explain life threatening conditions related to chest pain. To describe the diagnostic approach in chest pain in children
Ishodi učenja
To define the most common congenital heart defect. To define cyanotic and non-cyanotic heart defect. To understand the hemodynamics of congenital heart defect. To explain the ductal dependent heart defects and to understand the treatment options.
Ishodi učenja
To define heart failure and to explain the etiology and pathophysiology. To recognize the clinical signs of heart failure in children. To explain the therapeutic approach of heart failure.
Ishodi učenja
To define the normal heart rate in children according to age. To explain the etiology, clinical signs and treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. To explain the etiology and treatment of bradycardia in children.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the components of hemostasis. To explain to pathophysiology of most common coagulation disorders. To explain the causes, diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
Ishodi učenja
To define lymphadenopathy and diagnostic approach in children with an enlarged lymph node. To describe etiology, diagnostic approach and treatment of localized and generalized lymphadenopathy
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common malignant diseases in children. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, lymphomas, neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common emergencies in pediatric oncology. To define the pathophysiology and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. To define and manage hyperleukocytosis. To define and manage superior vena cava syndrome.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the clinical presentation of urticaria and Quincke's edema in a child. Describe the morphology of skin efflorescences in urticaria. Recognize the most common causes of acute and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Choose diagnostic tests in the process of discovering the cause of urticaria. Select and administer medications in children with acute spontaneous urticaria. Diff erentiate and recognize the clinical presentation of Quincke's edema and hereditary angioedema
Ishodi učenja
Differentiate expected side effects of drugs from hypersensitivity to drugs. Classify types of drug hypersensitivity. Differentiate skin changes in drug hypersensitivity mediated by late-type hypersensitivity. Explain the diagnostic procedure in case of suspected drug allergy and indicate the indications for conducting a provocation test. Recognize the clinical presentation of anaphylaxis in a child. Explain the principles of treatment of anaphylaxis. Administer adrenaline in a child with anaphylaxis.
Ishodi učenja
To recognize the clinical presentation of the systemic form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a child. Distinguish and compare the clinical features of individual subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recognize the clinical presentation of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Recognize the clinical presentation of Kawasaki disease. To analyze the differential diagnosis of Kawasaki disease
Ishodi učenja
To understand breast feeding and its advantages. To define and know significance of infant and young child feeding.
Ishodi učenja
List the most common causes of acute diarrhoea in children. To describe the child with dehydration. To explain the treatment options in children with diarrhea.
Ishodi učenja
To define gastroesophageal reflux in children. To explain the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of pathological reflux. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach and treatment of adverse food reactions and enterocolitis causes by food proteins.
Ishodi učenja
To define celiac disease. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment and prognosis of celiac disease.
Ishodi učenja
To define Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. To describe etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment, complications and prognosis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common liver diseases in children. To describe the clinical manifestation of liver disea se. To explain the diagnostic test in suspected liver disease. To describe the treatment options in most common liver diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of alkali and acid ingestion and swallowed foreign bodies. To describe the emergency treatment in bleeding from upper and lower digestive tract. To diagnose and treat dehydration in children. To describe signs and treatment of acute abdomen.
Ishodi učenja
To define obesity in children. To describe clinical presentation and evaluation of obesity. To explain the treatment and prevention of obesity.
Ishodi učenja
To define DM type 1. To explain genetics, etiology and pathophysiology of DM type 1. To describe clinical signs and laboratory findings of DM. To describe acute complications, treatment and prognosis of DM type 1. To define DM type 2 and MODY in children and explain treatment options.
Ishodi učenja
Explain the importance of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes of congenital hypothyroidism. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of acquired hypothyroidism. Explain how hypothyroidism affects children's mental development, growth and pubertal development. To compare the treatment of congenital and acquired hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Ishodi učenja
to describe the difference between normal and precocious puberty. To explain the classification of sexual precocity.
Ishodi učenja
Explain the basic principles of normal sexual differentiation. Classify gender differentiation disorders. Define CAH and describe the mechanism of CAH formation. To explain the pathophysiology of ambiguous genitalia in girls with CAH. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of CAH. Describe the most common clinical features of children with Turner and Klinefelter syndrome.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the pathophysiology of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of the acute insufficiency of the suprarenal gland. To explain the signs and treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
Ishodi učenja
To define hypoglycemia in neonates and older children. To list the causes of hypoglicemia. To describe clinical signs and treatment of hypoglycemia.
Ishodi učenja
To describe epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in children. To describe clinical signs in infants and older children with urinary infections. To explain diagnostic approach to urinary infections. To explain treatment and complications of urinary infections.
Ishodi učenja
To define hematuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to hematuria. To describe hereditary and acquired glomerular diseases in children. To define proteinuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to proteinuria. To des cribe clinical signs and treatment of nephrotic syndrome
Ishodi učenja
To describe etiology and pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. To explain clinical signs and laboratory findings of acute kidney failure. To define HUS. To explain etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment of HUS
Ishodi učenja
To define hypertension according to age. To list the causes of hypertension. To define primary and secondary hypertension. To explain the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive crisis.
Ishodi učenja
To list causes of headaches in children. To explain classification and diagnostic approach to headaches. To describe symptoms of migraine and migraine variants. To explain treatment in headaches
Ishodi učenja
To describe neurocutaneous syndromes. To list and describe craniosynostosis, microcephaly, and macrocranium. To describe disorders of brain cortical development and neural tube development. To define and describe signs of hydrocephalus in children. To describe clinical signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2. To define and explain clinical signs of tuberous sclerosis and Sturge Weber syndrome.
Ishodi učenja
To define cerebral palsy. To describe risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral palsy. To define and explain the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorder.
Ishodi učenja
To define epileptic seizures. To describe the classification of epilepsies. To explain the work -up and treatment of epilepsy. To define status epilepticus. To explain treatment of status epilepticus in children.
Ishodi učenja
To define and describe neonatal seizures. To define and explain affective respiratory attacks. To define and describe signs of febrile seizures. To define and describe psychogenic seizures. To describe the work up in syncope.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common neuromuscular diseases. To explain neurologic signs of neuromuscular diseases. To define and describe muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies. To describe neuromuscular junction disorders and motor neuron disease. To describe the most common inflammatory muscle diseases and neuropathies
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common causes of acute disorders of consciousness. To explain the Glasgow coma scale in children. To describe the diagnostic approach to a child with impaired consciousness. To define and explain the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure
Ishodi učenja
To recognise symptoms and signs consistent with demyelination in childhood. To list the most common monophasic and polyphasic demyelinating diseases in childhood. To describe clinical signs, symptoms and treatment of multiple sclerosis in childhood and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
Ishodi učenja
To list the emergencies in pediatric neurology. To recognize clinical signs and symptoms of stroke in children. To describe clinical signs and symptoms and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage in children. To describe clinical signs, symptoms and workout and clinical approach of acuta ataxia in children.
Ishodi učenja
To list the causes of infection of CNS. To describe pathogenesis and clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis. To explain the diagnostic approach and treatment in children with meningitis and encephalitis.
Ishodi učenja
To list and define the types of shock in children. To recognise the signs and describe the initial procedures for treating shock.
Ishodi učenja
To define sepsis in children. To describe initial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with sepsis.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the importance of stabilisation before transportation and describe safe transportation procedures. To explain the triage categories in emergency treatment.
Ishodi učenja
To recognize epileptic seizure. To describe the protocol in pediatric status epilepticus. To list the medications in status epilepticus.
Ishodi učenja
List the most common accidents in children; describe the pathophysiology of drowning; describe the treatment of poisoning in children
Ishodi učenja
define abuse and neglect in children; explain the ways of recognizing an abused child; list ways of acting to help an abused child
Ishodi učenja
Students split into small groups (3 or 4 in one group). During practicals, each group will choose an interesting case in agreement with the assistant. Students in the group will write a seminar (3 to 4 pages) about the case and underlying disease and prepare presentation slides in PowerPoint. Every group will present it to other students. The discussion will start with a history and physical examination, followed by diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis and therapy.
Ishodi učenja
Students split into small groups (3 or 4 in one group). During practicals, each group will choose an interesting case in agreement with the assistant. Students in the group will write a seminar (3 to 4 pages) about the case and underlying disease and prepare presentation slides in PowerPoint. Every group will present it to other students. The discussion will start with a history and physical examination, followed by diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis and therapy.
Ishodi učenja
Define pediatrics as a branch of medicine. List the goals of pediatrics. Classify developmental age. Define and explain the importance of the infant mortality rate. List the most common causes of child mortality. Explain the organization of children's health care. Explain the change in morbidity and trends in contemporary pediatrics.
Ishodi učenja
To understand the importance of biopsychosocial factors influencing child’s health and development, particularly the connection between children and maternal health.
Ishodi učenja
To define the task of social pediatrics. To explain the Convention on the Rights of the Child. To explain the vital statistics related to pediatrics
Ishodi učenja
To list all parts of the pediatric history. List all the questions that are needed in taking a pediatric history.
Ishodi učenja
Describe the sequence and procedure of clinical examination of pediatric patients. Understand the specifics of the physical examination of an infant and young child
Ishodi učenja
To analyze standard growth charts. To calculate the body surface area. To know normal pattern of growth in children, failure to thrive and understand short stature. To describe the pattern of decreased growth. To list and describe neonatal reflexes. To describe developmental milestones.
Ishodi učenja
To define the basic features of normal psychomotor development. To explain psychomotor, cognitive and emotional development. To recognize the alteration in psychomotor development.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the infant nutrition and importance of breastfeeding. To understand the optimal nutrition of preschool and school children. To list and explain the eating disorders in children. To define malnutrition and obesity.
Ishodi učenja
To explain normal physiology of fluid requirement and electrolyte balance. To calculate normal daily fluid requirements. To calculate normal daily requirements of sodium and potassium. To analyze the acidbase disorders. To describe the signs of dehydration and initial treatment options.
Ishodi učenja
To define the term infant and birth weight classification. To understand the fetal growth. To explain the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. To explain the procedures in normal delivery. To recognize the physiologic characteristics of the newborn. To list the most common birth injuries.
Ishodi učenja
To define the premature newborn and causes of prematurity. To explain the characteristics of premature infants. To define the risk factors and complications of prematurity.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common emergencies in the delivery room. To describe the newborn resuscitation algorithm. To explain the clinical signs and emergency treatment of the most common newborns emergency conditions
Ishodi učenja
List the main laboratory tests. Define blood count. Explain the normal values of red and white blood cells. Discuss the benefit of the differential blood count. Define anemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. To recognize the d isorder of the blood count in the most common diseases
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common hereditary diseases. To understand the diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities autosomal and gonosomal anomalies. To explain DNA analysis in medical genetics.
Ishodi učenja
To define hereditary metabolic diseases. To describe the signs of metabolic diseases in children. To explain the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Ishodi učenja
Define the difference between active and passive immunization. Describe the benefit of vaccination in the control of infectious diseases in the world and in Croatia. Analyze the causes that affect vaccination coverage. Classify the types of vaccines and list the mandatory vaccines in Croatia. Describe adverse post-vaccination reactions. Distinguish contraindications to vaccination from situations when vaccination can be carried out with precautions. List examples of indications for passive immunization in childhood.
Ishodi učenja
Describe the most important features of the morphology and function of the lungs and airways specific to developmental age. To single out the specifics of propaedeutics in diseases of the respiratory system of children. List and describe the most important congenital anomalies of the respiratory system. Classify and describe inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. To single out the specifics of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to inflammation of the upper respiratory tract in children compared to the same in adults. Classify pneumonia in children. Describe and highlight the specifics of diagnosis and treatment of community -acquired pneumonia in children. List the main causes of severe acute airway obstruction in children. Describe and explain the clinical features of acute inflammatory obstructions - croup and bronchiolitis - in infancy and childhood. Define and describe the clinical features of childhood asthma. Differentiate the treatment of chronic asthma inflammation from the treatment of acute asthma exacerbation. Recognize suspected foreign body aspiration and describe the diagnostic and therapeutic approach
Ishodi učenja
: List and describe the specifics of the anamnesis and physical examination in children with diseases of the heart and blood vessels. List the main diagnostic tests in diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Explain the specifics of chest X-ray imaging in diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Describe and recognize the specifics of ECG findings depending on the age of the chi ld. List the indications and describe the diagnostic possibilities of echocardiography in children. List and classify the most common congenital heart defects and describe their epidemiological and etiological aspects. Define the characteristics and explain hemodynamics and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the most common congenital heart defects. List, describe and recognize heart rate and rhythm disorders. Recognize and describe the therapeutic approach to paroxysmal supraventricular arrhythmia and ventricular arrhythmias. Classify and describe the most common inflammatory heart diseases. Classify and describe the characteristics of the most common cardiomyopathies.
Ishodi učenja
To describe the structure and function of hematopoietic system. To explain the evaluation of a child with blood disease
Ishodi učenja
s: Explain immune reactivity depending on the child's age. To single out and explain the problem of weaker immune reactivity to T-independent antigens of encapsulated bacteria in infancy and toddler age. List the clinical features that suggest the presenc e of immune disorders. List and explain the risk factors for recurrent respiratory infections. Define and classify primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. List and explain the most common causes of secondary immunodeficiencies. State the clinical elements tha t raise the suspicion of the presence of primary immunodeficiency in the child. Describe group clinical features of primary disorders of the function of cellular and humoral immunity and primary disorders of the function of phagocytes and complement. Explain the principles of diagnostic and therapeutic approach to children suffering from primary or secondary immunodeficiency
Ishodi učenja
Define basic terms in allergology (allergy; atopy; allergic sensitization). Classify allergic and atopic diseases. Explain the epidemiological aspects of allergic diseases and relate them to their etiopathogenesis. List and classify the most common allergens in childhood. Explain the "allergy march". Classify the types and list the causes of urticaria. State the therapeutic approach to urticaria and Quincke's edema. Define drug allergy and describe its most common skin presentations. Explain pseudoallergic reactions. Define anaphylaxis and list its most common causes. Explain the treatment of anaphylaxis. Explain the etiopathogenesis of ato pic dermatitis and describe its clinical features and treatment. Explain allergen-specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases and immune mechanisms of achieving immunotolerance. List the levels of prevention of allergic diseases and explain their principles.
Ishodi učenja
: Define and classify rheumatic diseases of childhood. Explain the diagnostic principles and therapeutic approach to rheumatic diseases. Classify juvenile idiopathic arthritis into its subtypes and explain the characteristics of their clinica l presentation. Define and explain the difference between reactive and post-infectious arthritis. Define and describe the clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Classify and enumerate the most common childhood vasculitis. To describe the clinical presentation of Henoch -Shonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease and explain the treatment of these diseases.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common diseases of digestive system in children. To describe the symptoms of diseases of the digestive system. To describe the signs of liver disease. To explain the diagnostic approach in the digestive system diseases
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common diseases of the endocrine system. To describe the symptoms and signs of endocrine disease
Ishodi učenja
To define the urinary tract infection. To explain hematuria and proteinuria. To describe the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common malignant diseases in children. To describe the etiology of malignant diseases. To explain the classification of childhood cancer. To describe the signs of malignant disease and treatment.
Ishodi učenja
To explain the neurological signs and symptoms in physical examination. To describe the diagnostic tests in pediatric neurology. To list the most common neurological diseases
Ishodi učenja
To describe the signs of respiratory and circulatory failure. To describe the initial treatment options in respiratory and circulatory failure in children. To analyze the way of stabilization of a critically ill child and describe the specifics of transportation.
Ishodi učenja
To list the most common diseases with rash in children. To recognize the signs of severe illness. To describe the treatment options. To describe immunodeficiency and to explain the difference in the treatment
Ishodi učenja
Medical history Basic principles of the communication with parents and/or a sick child medical history taking Identification of the data provider; Main complaint; Current illness History Family history Short summary of medical history of growth and development; Immunizations; Past medical history
Ishodi učenja
Physical examination Assessment of the general condition; Assessment of the vital functions Consciousness Breathing Circulation; Body temperature Blood pressure measurement Pulse palpation Examination of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue Bone age assessment
Ishodi učenja
Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Collection of nasal and throat swabs Peripheral intravenous line placement Administration of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections Interpretation of blood count and biochemical findings Urinalysis Basic interpretation of electrocardiograms Interpretation of X-rays of the thoracic organs, paranasal sinuses and abdomen Ultrasound examination of the brain, heart, lungs and abdomen (observation) Physical methods for treating fever in children and antipyretics Acute management of seizures Management of acute asthma Initial evaluation and management of poisonings Treatment of a child with hypoglycemia Assessment and management of diabetic ketoacidosis Management of anaphylaxis Rational use of antibiotics in children
Ishodi učenja
Growth and development Assessment of physical growth and development Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body length/height, head circumference), clinical assessment of development and distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue, assessment of primary and secondary dentition, assessment of pubertal development (according to Tanner criteria, assessment of bone maturity) Comparison of measured values with standards for healthy children of the same age and sex. Interpretation of growth charts, calculation of body mass index, prediction of final body height. Basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, high stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, malnutrition, obesity, hirsutism
Ishodi učenja
Nutrition and eating disorders Feeding of infant, preschool and school-age child Breastfeeding (characteristics of breast milk, advantages of breastfeeding, difficulties in breastfeeding) Formula feeding Introducing solid foods Infantile colic Acquiring eating habits Balanced diet for preschool and school-age child Prevention of vitamin D and iron deficiency Feeding of adolescent and eating disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia Weight disorders Malnutrition Overweight and obesity Vitamin and mineral disorders Rickets Tetany
Ishodi učenja
Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders Daily requirements of fluid and electrolytes Pathological fluid losses Clinical signs of dehydration Treatment of dehydration - oral and intravenous rehydration Sodium disorders: hyponatremia, hypernatremia Potassium disorders: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Acid-base/osmolar gap disturbances Metabolic acidosis – etiology, pathophysiology, treatmen
Ishodi učenja
Clinical approach to children with inborn errors of metabolism Clinical manifestations of metabolic diseases Pathognomonic clinical findings associated with inborn errors of metabolism Laboratory findings suggestive for inherited metabolic diseases Initial laboratory investigation and specific tests/selective screening Newborn screening Principles of the treatment Psychosocial aspects
Ishodi učenja
Clinical approach to children with genetic malformations Family pedigree Family history and physical examination in genetics Significance of early diagnosis of genetic anomalies Indications for prenatal genetic testing Cytogenetic analysis and molecular genetics The most common clinical disorders due to chromosomal and gonosomal abnormalities Genetic counselling
Ishodi učenja
Neonatology Physical examination of the newborn infant Initial care in the delivery room Resuscitation of the newborn APGAR score Assessment of gestational age Assessment of respiratory disorders Body characteristics of the newborn: the cranium, fontanels, measurement of body weight, length and head circumference General appearance, crying characteristics, skin color and skin changes, pathological signs: jaundice, cyanosis, bleeding, skin infections, umbilical infections, mastitis Examination of the oral cavity Chest: Auscultation of the lungs, normal and pathological sounds Auscultation of the heart, pulse and blood pressure measurement Palpation of the abdomen, size of the liver and spleen, auscultation of bowel sounds, flatulence External genitalia of female/male term and preterm newborn Examination of the hips Neurological examination of the newborn: normal and pathological position, spontaneous movements, active and passive tone, neonatal primitive reflexes Care of the newborn infant Care of the skin and umbilical cord Maintaining a normal body temperature Breastfeeding Formula feeding Normal and pathological stool Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures Blood and urine sampling Indications and principles of the phototherapy and exchange transfusion Central venous catheter placement (umbilical catheter, PICC catheter) Intubation of the newborn Basic principles of oxygen therapy Non-invasive respiratory support Mechanical ventilation Cerebral function monitoring (CFM) Therapeutic hypothermia Neonatal screening (metabolic diseases, hearing screening, screening for critical congenital heart defects). The most common pathological conditions in neonatology (tachypnea, dyspnea, jaundice, infections, perinatal asphyxia, congenital heart defects, birth injuries)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric pulmonology Propedeutics: Examination of the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, tonsils and external auditory canal Airway patency Auscultation and percussion of the lungs Normal respiratory rates by age Symptoms of respiratory failure Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: Indications for the chest X-ray Pulmonary function tests Blood gas analysis Indications for oxygen supplementation Tuberculin sensitivity (PPD) test – procedure and interpretation The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric pulmonology (acute upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, asthma, cystic fibrosis, airway foreign bodies)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric cardiology Propedeutics: Specific signs and symptoms Inspection, palpation, auscultation; palpation of peripheral pulses Normal heart rate by age Blood pressure measurement Observation of external signs: cyanosis, venous pulsations, heart hump Interpretation of chest X-rays Standard values and characteristics of electrocardiographic findings in children The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric cardiology Hemodynamics in congenital heart diseases Basic features of cyanotic congenital heart diseases Basic features of acyanotic congenital heart diseases Cyanotic spells and management The most common disturbances of heart rate and rhythm Heart failure: signs, symptoms, diagnosis and therapy
Ishodi učenja
Immunity and immunodeficiencies Clinical features of the child with immunodeficiency Basic laboratory evaluation of the child with immunodeficiency Principles of treatment Secondary immunodeficiencies Infections in patients with impaired immunity
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric allergology: Diagnostic testing Principles of treatment of allergic diseases Prevention of allergic diseases The most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric allergology (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema, food allergy, drug allergy)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric rheumatology Common clinical features of rheumatic diseases in children Diagnostic approach Principles of treatment the most common pathological conditions and diseases in pediatric rheumatology (rheumatic fever, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric gastroenterology Propedeutics Inspection of the abdomen, abdominal topography Superficial and deep palpation of the abdomen Percussion of the abdomen: liver, spleen, lumbar percussion Palpation of the liver and spleen Auscultation of the abdomen (peristalsis and vascular murmurs) Abdominal masses, hernias, flatulence, ascites Diagnostic procedures Stool sample collection Preparing the child for endoscopic examinations Digital rectal exam Enema administration The most common digestive system pathologies (gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis and peptic ulcer, foreign body ingestion, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric endocrinology Basic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with growth and developmental disorders: short stature, tall stature, premature puberty, delayed puberty, gynecomastia, malnutrition, obesity, hirsutism Diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis: history, physical examination (especially assessment of vital functions and hydration), blood glucose testing using test strips and blood glucose meter, measurement of glucose and ketone concentrations in urine using test strips, acid-base and electrolyte analysis. Basic principles of therapy and monitoring of patients: blood glucose monitoring, nutrition and physical activity of the child with diabetes, principles of insulin therapy, basic characteristics of human insulin preparations and insulin analogues, basic principles of insulin pump therapy, treatment of acute complications (hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis) Disorders of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands Diagnosis and principles of treatment of thyroid diseases. Assessment of adrenocortical function. The most common pathological conditions (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenocortical insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome)
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric nephrology Propedeutics: Palpation of the kidneys and bladder, examination of external genitalia Urine collection for routine and microbiological examination Urinalysis Renal function tests Symptoms and signs of kidney and urinary tract diseases: edema, hypertension, oliguria, polyuria, hematuria, proteinuria The most common pathological conditions and diseases of the urinary tract (urinary tract infection, urinary tract abnormalities, vesicoureteral reflux, acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, urolithiasis, acute renal injury
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric hematology and oncology Propedeutics: Carefully obtained history for iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy and bleeding diathesis Clinical features of blood disorders (pallor, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy) Laboratory findings of blood disorders (normal and pathological values of complete blood count, morphological changes of red blood cells, fetal hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, bilirubin and haptoglobin) Differential diagnosis of anemia. Palpation and description of lymph nodes, liver and spleen Differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph node Types of bleeding and association with bleeding disorders Diagnostic procedures: Peripheral blood smear. Basic interpretation of complete blood count and age-dependent changes in childhood Interpretation of coagulation test results Lymph node puncture, lumbar puncture, bone marrow aspiration (only observation) Transfusion therapy Indications for red blood cell transfusions and platelet transfusions Principles of blood component transfusions Risks of blood transfusions The most common diseases of blood, hematopoietic organs and solid tumors in children (iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, hereditary disorders of hemostasis, thrombocytopenia, acquired neutropenia, leukemia, lymphoma, solid malignant tumors) Principles of antitumor therapy Supportive therapy: Psychological approach to the child with malignant disease and the family
Ishodi učenja
Pediatric neurology Propedeutics: History in neurology Developmental assessment (from 2 months to 2 years) observation (spontaneous movements, behavior) assessment of gross and fine motor skills postural reactions and muscle tone, primitive reflexes, tendon reflexes, sensory functions social contact Neurologic examination of preschool and school-age children: Inspection, assessment of the mental state, cranial nerves, motor examination. Coordination, sensory functions, tendon reflexes, gait, meningeal signs, cognitive functions. Examination of the head and face (head circumference, fontanels, cranial sutures/dyscrania, dysmorphia). Examination of the spine (deformities, anomalies). Diagnostic procedures: Neurophysiological procedures (EEG, evoked potentials, electromyography) Neuroradiologic procedures (cranial ultrasonography, CT, MR) Lumbar puncture: indications, technique interpretation of the cerebrospinal fluid findings The most common pathological conditions and diseases of the nervous system and muscles (headaches, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and epileptic syndromes, neurocutaneous syndromes, neuromuscular disorders, facial palsy)
Ishodi učenja
The acutely ill child; Recognition of life-threatening conditions Basic life support; Advanced life support Intubation Vascular access / Intraosseous administration of drugs. Post-resuscitation care
Ishodi učenja
To list all parts of the pediatric history. List all the questions that are needed in taking a pediatric history
Ishodi učenja
Describe the sequence and procedure of clinical examination of pediatric patients. Understand the specifics of the physical examination of an infant and a young child
Ishodi učenja
At the end of this teaching unit the student will be able to describe the algorithm of procedures in basic life support in children and show on the manikins the airway opening maneuvers and the cardiac compressions point
Ishodi učenja
To define high fever in children. To list the causes and pathophysiology of fever. Describe the treatment of high fever.
Ishodi učenja
Define cough. Classify the types of coughs. List the most common causes of acute and chronic cough depending on the age of the child. Apply targeted anamnestic questions to discover the cause of cough. List the initial diagnostic test s in a child who coughs. Specify targeted tests to detect the cause of cough. Recognize the clinical features of cough caused by a serious underly ing chronic lung disease. Discuss the principles of cough treatment.
Ishodi učenja
To define premature infants according to gestational age. To describe the care of premature infant in delivery room. To list the complications of prematurity.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize and distinguish between the clinical features of viral, bacterial and atypical community-acquired pneumonia in children. Choose laboratory and imaging tests in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Explain the principles of empiric a ntimicrobial therapy of pneumonia. Identify indications for hospital treatment of pneumonia. Recognize and compare the clinical features of successful and unsuccessful treatment of pneumonia.
Ishodi učenja
Recognize the clinical presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. To describe the spectrum of clinical presentations of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Analyze and evaluate the results of laboratory and imaging tests in pulmonary tuberculosis. Explain the microbiological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Define latent tuberculosi s. Distinguish between antimicrobial treatment of active and latent tuberculosis in children.
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Recognize the symptoms and signs of serious airway obstruction in children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between extrathoracic and intrathoracic airway obstruction. Recognize inflammatory airway obstructions typical of infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation between subglottic and supraglottic airway obstruction. To compare the pharmacotherapeutic approach between viral croup and bronchiolitis
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Recognize the clinical presentation of childhood asthma. Choose diagnostic tests in a child with suspected asthma. Analyze the results of spirometric measurement of lung function. Choose anti-inflammatory therapy for chronic asthmatic inflammation. List the drugs and determine the dosages and choose the method of their application in the treatment of acute asthmatic exacerbation . Recognize the indications for hospital treatment of an acute asthmatic attack.
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Recognize suspicion of aspiration of a foreign body in a child. List and explain the stages of clinical presentation in acute aspiration of a foreign body. Recognize pathological signs on X-ray images of chest organs in case of aspiration of a foreign body. To assess the indication for bronchoscopy in a child with suspected foreign body aspiration. List the most common foreign bod ies that children aspirate. Identify measures to prevent aspiration of a foreign body.
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Recognize the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis in infants and young children. Differentiate the clinical presentation of cystic fibrosis from other chronic lung and digestive diseases. Apply diagnostic criteria in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. To correlate genotype and phenotype in patients with cystic fibrosis. Explain the basic principles of cystic fibrosis treatment. Choose a possible CFTR modulator according to the patient's CFTR genotype.
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To define central and peripheral cyanosis. To list the causes of cyanosis. To explain the diagnostic approach in child with cyanosis.
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To list the causes of chest pain in children. To explain life threatening conditions related to chest pain. To describe the diagnostic approach in chest pain in children
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To define the most common congenital heart defect. To define cyanotic and non-cyanotic heart defect. To understand the hemodynamics of congenital heart defect. To explain the ductal dependent heart defects and to understand the treatment options.
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To define heart failure and to explain the etiology and pathophysiology. To recognize the clinical signs of heart failure in children. To explain the therapeutic approach of heart failure.
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To define the normal heart rate in children according to age. To explain the etiology, clinical signs and treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. To explain the etiology and treatment of bradycardia in children.
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To describe the components of hemostasis. To explain to pathophysiology of most common coagulation disorders. To explain the causes, diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
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To define lymphadenopathy and diagnostic approach in children with an enlarged lymph node. To describe etiology, diagnostic approach and treatment of localized and generalized lymphadenopathy
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To list the most common malignant diseases in children. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia. To describe clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, lymphomas, neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma
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To list the most common emergencies in pediatric oncology. To define the pathophysiology and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. To define and manage hyperleukocytosis. To define and manage superior vena cava syndrome.
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Recognize the clinical presentation of urticaria and Quincke's edema in a child. Describe the morphology of skin efflorescences in urticaria. Recognize the most common causes of acute and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Choose diagnostic t ests in the process of discovering the cause of urticaria. Select and administer medications in children with acute spontaneous urticaria. Diff erentiate and recognize the clinical presentation of Quincke's edema and hereditary angioedema
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Differentiate expected side effects of drugs from hypersensitivity to drugs. Classify types of drug hypersensitivity. Differentiate skin changes in drug hypersensitivity mediated by late-type hypersensitivity. Explain the diagnostic procedure in case of suspected drug allergy and indicate the indications for conducting a provocation test. Recognize the clinical presentation of anaphylaxis in a child. Explain the principles of treatment of anaphylaxis. Administer adrenaline in a child with anaphylaxis.
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To recognize the clinical presentation of the systemic form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a child. Distinguish and compare the clinical features of individual subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Recognize the clinical presentation of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Recognize the clinical presentation of Kawasaki disease. To analyze the differential diagnosis of Kawasaki disease
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To understand breast feeding and its advantages. To define and know significance of infant and young child feeding.
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To define, assess, diagnose and manage a child with acute diarrhoea and dehydration
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: To define gastroesophageal reflux in children. To explain the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of pathological reflux. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach and treatment of adverse food reactions and enterocolitis causes by food proteins.
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To define celiac disease. To describe clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment and prognosis of celiac disease.
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To define Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. To describe etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnostic approach, treatment, complications and prognosis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
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To list the most common liver diseases in children. To describe the clinical manifestation of liver disea se. To explain the diagnostic test in suspected liver disease. To describe the treatment options in most common liver diseases.
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To describe the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of alkali and acid ingestion and swallowed foreign bodies. To describe the emergency treatment in bleeding from upper and lower digestive tract. To diagnose and treat dehydration in children. To describe signs and treatment of acute abdomen.
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To define obesity in children. To describe clinical presentation and evaluation of obesity. To explain the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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To define DM type 1. To explain genetics, etiology and pathophysiology of DM type 1. To describe clinical signs and laboratory findings of DM. To describe acute complications, treatment and prognosis of DM type 1. To define DM type 2 and MODY in children and explain treatment options.
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Explain the importance of newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes of congenital hypothyroidism. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of acquired hypothyroidism. Explain how hypothyroidism affects children's mental development, growth and pubertal development. To compare the treatment of congenital and acquired hypothyroidism. List the most common causes, clinical signs and treatment of hyperthyroidism.
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Explain the basic principles of normal sexual differentiation. Classify gender differentiation disorders. Define CAH and describe the mechanism of CAH formation. To explain the pathophysiology of ambiguous genitalia in girls with CAH. Describe the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of CAH. Describe the most common clinical features of children with Turner and Klinefelter syndrome
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To explain the pathophysiology of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of DKA. To describe the clinical signs and treatment of the acute insufficiency of the suprarenal gland. To explain the signs and treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
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To define hypoglycemia in neonates and older children. To list the causes of hypoglicemia. To describe clinical signs and treatment of hypoglycemia.
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To describe epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of urinary tract infections in children. To describe clinical signs in infants and older children with urinary infections. To explain diagnostic approach to urinary infections. To explain treatment and complications of urinary infections.
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To define hematuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to hematuria. To describe hereditary and acquired glomerular diseases in children. To define proteinuria. To explain etiology and diagnostic approach to proteinuria. To des cribe clinical signs and treatment of nephrotic syndrome
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To describe etiology and pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. To explain clinical signs and laboratory findings of acute kidney failure. To define HUS. To explain etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings and treatment of HUS
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To define hypertension according to age. To list the causes of hypertension. To define primary and secondary hypertension. To explain the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive crisis.
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To list causes of headaches in children. To explain classification and diagnostic approach to headaches. To describe symptoms of migraine and migraine variants. To explain treatment in headaches
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To describe neurocutaneous syndromes. To list and describe craniosinostisis, microcephaly, macrocranium. To describe disorders of brain cortical development and neural tube development. To define and describe signs of hydrocephalus in children. To describe clinical signs of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2. To define and explain clinical signs of tuberous sclerosis and Sturge Weber syndrome.
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To define cerebral palsy. To describe risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentation and etiology of cerebral palsy. To define and explain the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorder.
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To define epileptic seizures. To describe the classification of epilepsies. To explain the work -up and treatment of epilepsy. To define status epilepticus. To explain treatment of status epilepticus in children.
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To define and describe neonatal seizures. To define and explain affective respiratory attacks. To define and describe signs of febrile seizures. To define and describe psychogenic seizures. To describe the work up in syncope.
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To list the most common neuromuscular diseases. To explain neurologic signs of neuromuscular diseases. To define and describe muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies. To describe neuromuscular junction disorders and motor neuron disease. To describe the most common inflammatory muscle diseases and neuropathies
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To list the most common causes of acute disorders of consciousness. To explain the Glasgow coma scale in children. To describe the diagnostic approach to a child with impaired consciousness. To define and explain the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure
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At the end of this teaching unit, the student will be able to list and define the types of shock in children, recognize the signs of shock and describe the initial procedures in the treatment of shock.
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At the end of this course, the student will be able to define sepsis in children and describe initial diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in children with sepsis.
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To list the causes of infection of CNS. To describe pathogenesis and clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis. To explain the diagnostic approach and treatment in children with meningitis and encephalitis.
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To explain the importance of stabilisation before transportation; to describe the procedures for safe transportation.
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To explain the recognition and treatment of acute and chronic pain in children.
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To define child abuse and child neglect. To describe signs of physical, sexual and emotional abuse. To explain peer abuse.
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Case report - interesting cases in hematology: history, physical findings, diagnosis and treatment
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To explain the diagnostic approach and treatment in various clinical conditions
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To explain the diagnostic and clinical approaches in different clinical conditions in paediatrics
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Presentation of interesting cases in endocrinology: history, diagnosis and treatment
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Interesting cases in pediatric intensive care - history, diagnosis and treatment