To list the components of an X-ray unit and explain the process of X-ray generation • To describe principles of fluoroscopy and its common indications • To list and describe factors affecting image quality and dose in radiography and fluoroscopy • To describe the relative value of a radiographic examination for various organ systems and indications • To describe the principles of soft tissue radiography in mammography • To describe positioning of the patient for common radiographic techniques (e.g. chest X-ray) • To describe normal anatomy of various organs on radiographic images • To explain the concept of spatial, temporal and contrast resolution • To explain the principle of contrast in different imaging modalities 

Learning outcomes: 

To explain physical basis of image formation on computed tomography • To describe the scale of Hounsfield units (HU) and the principle of window/level concept • To list normal attenuation coefficients of various tissues/materials and common pathologies (e.g. hemorrhage, calcifications) • To describe the normal anatomy of various organs on CT • To describe relative diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) examination of various organ systems and common clinical indications • To understand the rationale for application of intravenous contrast and to describe contrast distribution in body tissues • To define advantages and shortcomings of CT examinations

Learning outcomes: 

To explain the relative value of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination for the various organ systems and indications • To describe the basic principles of image formation with MRI • To recognize fundamental pulse sequences in MRI (including T2-weighted sequences, T1-weighted sequences, fat suppressed sequences, STIR, FLAIR, diffusion-weighted imaging) • To explain the safety issues in the MR environment with regard to patients and staff • To describe normal anatomy of various organs on MRI • To explain the relative value of an ultrasound examination for various organ systems and indications • To describe the basic principles of image generation on ultrasonography (US) and to list the tissue properties determining image features • To list the frequency of transmission and different types of transducers for various indications in US • To describe the principles of the Doppler effect • To describe normal anatomy of the various organs on ultrasonography • To be aware of the indications for contrast-enhanced ultrasonography 

Learning outcomes: 

To describe principles of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) • To have a basic understanding of different types and techniques of image-guided interventions • To describe the basic infrastructure of imaging informatics, including Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Radiological Information Systems (RIS) and applications of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning to Radiology • To explain the relative value of hybrid imaging (PET/CT, PET/MRI) examinations for the various organ systems and indications • To recognize the radiological modality on images. 

Learning outcomes: 

To describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the brain, skull, skull base, spine, spinal cord, and nerve roots on cross-sectional imaging • To have a basic understanding of the main techniques used in neuroradiology; CT, MRI, radiography, DSA and ultrasonography • To list typical imaging features of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke on cross-sectional imaging

Learning outcomes:

To describe common imaging features of traumatic brain injury and spinal trauma on cross-sectional imaging • To list typical imaging features of white matter disease, inflammation, and neurodegeneration on cross-sectional imaging

Learning outcomes: 

To describe typical imaging features of the most common tumors of the brain and spine • To describe the anatomy and typical imaging features of pathologies of pontocerebellar angle • To describe the acute headache imaging management and typical imaging features of related diseases • To describe typical imaging features of the most common vascular diseases

Learning outcomes: 

To describe main imaging techniques used in thoracic imaging • To understand common indications and limitations in thoracic imaging • To recognize differences between high resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest, staging CT of the chest, low dose screening CT

Learning outcomes: 

To explain relevant signs in chest radiography (including silhouette sign, air bronchogram, air crescent sign, deep sulcus sign) • To recognize imaging patterns in chest radiology including consolidations, nodules, radiolucencies, hyperinflation • To list monitoring and support devices (“tubes and lines”) including endotracheal tubes, central venous catheters, nasogastric tubes, chest drains and pacemakers

Learning outcomes: 

To describe typical imaging features of pneumonia on radiographs and CT • To explain typical imaging features of emphysema on radiographs and CT • To define typical imaging appearances of bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary metastases on radiographs and CT • To explain work-up of lung nodules • To recognize basic imaging patterns of interstitial lung disease

Learning outcomes: 

To list typical appearances and common causes of pleural effusion • To explain asbestos – related diseases and mesothelioma • To describe imaging features of pneumothorax and tension pneumothorax • To understand typical imaging patterns of mediastinal masses on radiographs and CT

Learning outcomes: 

To describe normal cardiac size and contour • To explain increased heart size and altered contour • To describe imaging features of congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema • To describe basic imaging features of congenital heart disease

Learning outcomes: 

To explain the role of radiology in cardiomyopathies • To recognize typical signs of coronary artery disease • To explain basics of valvular heart disease • To list imaging characteristics of pericardial disease

Learning outcomes: 

To define typical imaging features of acute aortic syndrome • To classify aortic dissection • To understand CT diagnostics of pulmonary thromboembolism • To describe imaging features of atherosclerotic disease • To explain the role of radiology in deep venous thrombosis

Learning outcomes: 

To describe aortic interventions • To explain interventions in peripheral arterial disease • To define interventions on aortic visceral branches • To describe carotid disease treatment and neurointerventions • To have a basic understanding of bleeding management

Learning outcomes: 

To describe imaging modalities and normal anatomy of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and duodenum • To describe esophageal diverticula, presbyesophagus, varices, hiatal hernia and GERD • To explain imaging characteristics of esophageal strictures and dilatation • To understand staging of esophageal cancer • To define imaging features of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease • To differentiate benign and malignant gastric ulcers • To describe typical imaging presentation of gastroduodenal tumors

Learning outcomes: 

To describe the normal anatomy and dual blood supply of the liver • To have a basic understanding of liver cirrhosis • To describe typical imaging features of liver cysts, primary and secondary tumors of the liver • To describe the normal anatomy of the biliary tract • To list typical imaging features of biliary calculosis, acute/chronic cholecystitis, and liver abscess • To have a basic understanding of biliary obstruction and jaundice

Learning outcomes: 

To describe the normal anatomy of the pancreas and spleen • To list typical imaging features of acute and chronic pancreatitis • To have a basic understanding of solid and cystic tumors of the pancreas • To describe typical imaging features of splenomegaly and splenic trauma

Learning outcomes: 

To describe the normal anatomy of the internal viscera, omentum, mesentery and peritoneum on conventional radiology, CT, ultrasound, and MRI • To list typical imaging features of colon tumors, diverticulitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases

Learning outcomes: 

To list typical imaging features of acute abdominal conditions, including perforation, hemorrhage, inflammation, infection, obstruction, ischemia and infarction on radiographs, ultrasound, and CT

Learning outcomes: 

To describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system • To list imaging modalities for detection of bone, joint, and muscle disorders • To understand advantages and shortcomings of different techniques in various MSK disorders

Learning outcomes: 

To explain typical imaging features of skeletal trauma and stress fractures • To recognize degenerative changes on radiograph • To describe typical imaging features od (osteo)chondritis • To explain early and late signs of osteomyelitis

Learning outcomes: 

To define typical imaging features of rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies • To have a basic understanding of imaging characteristics to distinguish benign from malignant bone tumors

Learning outcomes: To describe normal pediatric anatomy and physiology and how it changes with age on conventional radiology, ultrasonography CT and MRI • To have a basic understanding of the main techniques (radiography, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT and MRI) used in pediatric imaging • To explain the increased vulnerability of children to ionizing radiation • To have a basic understanding of the typical imaging manifestations of accidental and non-accidental trauma • To list basic imaging features of the most common disorders of the brain, spine, chest, gastrointestinal tract and abdomen, urogenital system and musculoskeletal system in neonates, infants, children and adolescents

Learning outcomes: To describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the retroperitoneum, kidneys and male genital tract on ultrasonography and cross-sectional imaging • To have a basic understanding of the main techniques (radiography, intravenous pyelography, MICU, ultrasonography, CT and MRI) used in urogenital radiology

Learning outcomes: To list typical congenital abnormalities of the kidneys • To describe imaging characteristics of cystic and solid masses of the renal parenchyma • To have a basic knowledge of renal infection and its complications • To explain the role if imaging in testicular or scrotal pain and palpable masses

Learning outcomes: To describe the normal anatomy of ureters, bladder, and urethra • To explain the role of imaging in the obstructive uropathy • To list typical imaging features of the most common pathologies of the prostate and seminal vesicles

Learning outcomes: To describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the head and neck on cross-sectional imaging • To have a basic understanding of the main techniques used in head and neck imaging • To describe common imaging manifestations of trauma, inflammation and infection of the head and neck region • To describe typical imaging manifestations of tumors of the head and neck region

Learning outcomes: To describe the normal anatomy and physiology of the female breast with aging • To have a basic understanding of radiological techniques employed in breast imaging, their indications and relative diagnostic value • To recognize common benign lesions and cancer on mammography • To describe the appearance of common breast pathologies on ultrasound • To have a basic understanding of MRI of the breast • To differentiate between screening mammography and workup of an abnormality

Learning outcomes: To describe imaging-guided biopsies and drainages of deep collections • To have a basic knowledge of tumor ablation techniques • To describe percutaneous biliary interventions • To understand HCC treatment and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS).