dental pulp - endothelium, small intestine – simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells, simple tubular glands, esophagus – squamous moist, mucous glands, skin – squamous dry, merocrine, holocrine, apocrine glands

trachea, ear auricle – HE, orcein staining, meniscus, blood smear.

ground bone, decalcified bone, fetal skull and finger, bone marrow

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle, endocardium, small artery and vein – HE, orcein staining.

spinal cord and cerebellum – HE, silver staining, nerve, sensory, autonomic ganglia

ovary, uterine tube, uterus (2 phases), vagina

chorionic villi, umbilical cord, embryo

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland

thin skin with glands – axilla, hair, thick skin, mammary gland – 2 stages

pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pineal gland

cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina, development of eye – early, late stage 

auricle, inner ear

thymus, lymph node, spleen, tonsil

lip, tongue, filiform and vallate papillae, dentin, cementum, enamel, enamel organ – early, late stage

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, vermiform appendix

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands

nasal cavity, trachea, lungs

kidney, ureters, blader

To explain the basic facts of the development of histological techniques and microscopy. To get acquainted with and acquire knowledge about the way of preparing classic histological slides, as well as various histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques.  To explain the principles of the methods used in histology laboratories and microscopy.

To classify and describe the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of epithelial cells. To define the specifics of certain types of glandular epithelia.

To explain the characteristics and functions of connective tissue. To define cells and ECM (fibers and ground substance), connective tissue, and connective tissues with special properties. To compare the similarities and differences between these two types of tissues. 

To describe histological characteristics of bone marrow. To understand the emergence of individual blood cells during intrauterine development, as well as hematopoiesis later in life.

To define the specifics of microscopic and submicroscopic structures of blood cells. To identify blood cells based on their morphology. To define cellular and interstitial parts of different types of cartilage tissue. To explain the growth and healing processes of cartilage tissue damage. To explain the characteristics of the histological structure of joints.

To define the specifics of cells and ECM of bone tissue. To explain the characteristics of primary and secondary bones with respect to their histological properties. To explain the processes of osteogenesis, the process of fracture healing and bone remodeling.

To clearly define cellular and interstitial properties of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue. To explain the ultrastructure of muscle cells and morphological conditions required for contraction in all types of muscle tissue. To describe the histological structure of the heart, artery, and vein. To adopt the classification of blood capillaries based on their microscopic structure.

To explain the classification, characteristics, and functions of nerve cells (neurons and glial cells). To explain the processes of central and peripheral myelination. To define the cells and interstitial substances of certain parts of the central and peripheral nervous system (big and small brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral nerves). To explain the ultrastructure of the nerve cells, the ability to transmit the signal, and the structure of the synapse. To describe the histological structure of meninges and the blood-brain barrier.

To learn about sex cycles in males and females. To understand and explain changes in histological structure in the ovaries and uterus that precede the emergence of mature sex cells. 

To understand the specific changes during the first week of development - zygote, cleaving, second week – implantation, formation of a double layered disc. To understand the specifics of changes during the third week of development - embryonic, fetal development (neurulation, somitogenesis, germinal derivatives). 

To explain the development of placental blood flow and function of embryonic envelopes – amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sack. To understand the development, texture, and function of the placenta in different periods of pregnancy. 

To define the specifics of stem cells and their cellular locations. To define the role of self-renewal and multipotency in stem cell biology.   To explain the role of stem cells in the regeneration of tissues. To explain how differentiated tissues develop from stem cells. 

To explain and describe the processes that lead to the development of individual structures in the head and neck area. To adopt knowledge on the origin of the pharyngeal arches and their derivatives, the appearance of stomodeum and its differentiation during the embryonic and fetal developmental periods. To describe the development of the temporomandibular joint.

To understand and explain the processes leading to differentiation of mesoderm and the formation of certain groups of skeletal and smooth muscles and the muscular wall of the heart. To explain the emergence of certain parts of the skeletal system - skull, spine, ribs, pelvis and limbs.

To clearly define the specifics of the histological structure of the skin. To understand and explain the properties of the skin glands. To describe hair and nails. To explain developmental processes that allow the formation of individual skin layers and skin derivatives. To adopt knowledge about differences in appearance and function of the breast and breastfeeding between pregnant women, breastfeeding women and women that are not pregnant.

To describe the classification, characteristics, and functions of the endocrine system. To define the specificity of the histological structure of certain endocrine glands; pituitary gland, epiphysis, thyroid, parathyroid glands and adrenal glands.

To define the specifics of the histological structure of the individual structures of the eye. To understand and explain the texture and function of the lens, cilia muscle, and individual parts of the retina. To explain the processes of optic cup development and formation of various parts of eye layers.

To define critical periods of development and to identify teratogenic factors. To understand and explain the possibility of the emergence of anomalies and clinically important disorders that arise during development.

To define the histological structure of various parts of the external, middle, and internal ear. To understand the function of individual parts of the internal ear. To describe the developmental processes that enable the emergence of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

To explain the characteristics and general functions of the immune system. To define the histological structure of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. To describe the developmental processes that lead to the formation of the organs associated with the lymphatic system.

To define the properties of the individual parts of the oral cavity - lip, tongue, palate and teeth. To describe the development of the palate, the tongue, and the upper and the lower jaw. To explain the processes of denture formation in primary and secondary dentition.

To define the histological structure of the digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon). To understand and explain the structure and function of the individual layers in the structure of various segments. 

To understand the developmental processes of various organs of digestive tract formation. To understand the formation of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. To understand the rotation of the stomach and formation of primary and secondary retroperitoneal organs and intraperitoneal organs. To understand formation and folding of the intestines. To understand the formation of the mesenteries and omentum. 

To understand and explain the structure and function of intestinal glands - salivary glands, liver, pancreas. To understand and explain the flow of blood and bile inside the liver. To understand the embryonic development of these organs. 

To define the basics of development and the specifics of the histological structure of the individual parts of the respiratory system (respiratory and nerve region, nose, paranasal sinuses, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli). To understand and explain the structure and function of the blood-air barrier. To understand the phases in the development of the respiratory system. 

To explain the basic characteristics of the structure and function of the urinary system. To define the specifics of the kidney structure - especially the cortex, the ureter, the bladder, the male and female urethra. To describe parts of the nephron. To define the characteristics of the transitional epithelium.

To understand and describe the processes that lead to the development of three generations of kidney systems, the formation of the urethra, ureter, and urinary bladder. To understand the developmental process that leads to the normal male and female reproductive system - sexual glands and sex organs of the male and female sex.

ground bone, decalcified bone, fetal skull and finger, bone marrow

spinal cord and cerebellum – HE, silver staining, nerve, sensory, autonomic ganglia

chorionic villi, umbilical cord, embryo

thin skin with glands – axilla, hair, thick skin, mammary gland – 2 stages

auricle, inner ear

cornea, iris, ciliary body, lens, retina, development of eye – early, late stage

thymus, lymph node, spleen, tonsil

lip, tongue, filiform and vallate papillae, dentin, cementum, enamel, enamel organ – early, late stage

liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands

nasal cavity, trachea, lungs

kidney, ureters, bladder

Tissue section repetition

To describe histological characteristics of bone marrow. To understand the emergence of individual blood cells during intrauterine development, as well as the basis of the hematopoietic process later in life.

To classify and describe the microscopic and submicroscopic structure of epithelial cells. To define the peculiarities of certain types of glandular epithelia. 

To explain the characteristics and functions of connective tissue. To define cells and ECM (fibers and ground substances), connective tissue, and connective tissues with special properties. To compare the similarities and differences between these two types of tissues. 

To define the peculiarities of microscopic and submicroscopic structures of blood cells. To adopt criteria for blood cell definition based on their morphology. To define cellular and interstitial parts of different types of cartilage tissue. To explain the growth and healing processes of cartilage tissue damage. To explain the characteristics of the histological structure of joints.

To define the peculiarities of cells and ECM of bone tissue. To explain the characteristics of primary and secondary bones with respect to their histological properties. To explain the processes of osteogenesis, the fracture healing process, and bone remodeling.

To define the peculiarities of stem cells and their cellular locations. To define the role of self-renewal and multipotency in stem cell biology.  To explain the role of stem cells in the regeneration of tissues. To explain how differentiated tissues develop from stem cells. 

To clearly define cellular and interstitial properties of smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle tissue. To explain the ultrastructure of muscle cells and morphological conditions for the possibility of contraction in all types of muscle tissue. To describe the histological structure of the heart, artery, and vein. To adopt the classification of blood capillaries based on their microscopic structure.

To explain the classification, characteristics, and functions of nerve cells (neurons and glial cells). To explain the processes of central and peripheral myelination. To define the cells and interstitial substances of certain parts of the central and peripheral nervous system (big and small brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral nerves). To explain the ultrastructure of the nerve cells, the ability to transmit the signal, and the structure of the synapse. To describe the histological structure of meninges and the blood-brain barrier.

To explain the development of placental blood flow and function of embryonic envelopes – amnion, chorion, allantois, egg yolk sack. To understand the development, texture, and function of the placenta in different periods of pregnancy.      

To understand and explain the processes leading to differentiation of mesoderm and the formation of certain groups of skeletal and smooth muscles and the muscular wall of the heart. To explain the emergence of certain parts of the skeletal system - skull, spine, ribs, pelvis and limbs.

To define the peculiarities of the histological structure and its development of testes, epididymis and accessory glands. 

To describe the classification, characteristics, and functions of the endocrine system. To define the specificity of the histological structure of certain endocrine glands; pituitary gland, epiphysis, thyroid, parathyroid glands and adrenal glands.

To clearly define the peculiarities of the histological structure of the skin. To understand and explain the facts about the skin glands. To describe hair and nails. To explain developmental processes that allow the formation of individual skin layers and skin derivatives. To adopt knowledge about differences in appearance and function of the breast and breastfeeding between pregnant women, breastfeeding women and women that are not pregnant.

To define the histological structure of various parts of the external, middle, and internal ear. To understand the function of individual parts of the internal ear. To describe the developmental processes that enable the emergence of the outer, middle, and inner ear.

To understand and explain the structure and function of organs associated with the digestive tract – salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. To understand and explain the flow of blood and bile inside the liver. 

To define the peculiarities of the histological structure of the individual structures of the eye. To understand and explain the texture and function of the lens, cilia muscle, and individual parts of the retina. To explain the processes of optic cup development and formation of various parts of eye layers.

To explain the characteristics and functions of the immune system. To define the histological structure of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. To describe the developmental processes that lead to the formation of the organs associated with the lymphatic system.

To understand the developmental processes of various organs of digestive tract formation

To define the histological structure of certain parts of the digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, intestine, and colon). To understand and explain the structure and function of the individual layers in the structure of various segments. 

To understand and explain the structure and function of intestinal glands - salivary glands, liver, pancreas. To understand and explain the flow of blood and bile inside the liver. 

To understand and describe the processes that lead to the development of three generations of kidneys, the formation of the urethra, ureter, and urinary bladder. To understand the developmental process that leads to the normal male and female reproductive system - sexual glands and sex organs of the male and female sex.

To define critical periods of development and to indicate teratogenic factors. To understand and explain the possibility of the emergence of anomalies and clinically important disorders that arise during development.