To describe the organization of the nervous system; to explain the levels in the function of the central nervous system; to describe the cellular structure of neurons and glial cells; to describe the structure and function of synapses; to list types of synapses; to describe the physiological structure of synapses; to explain the role of calcium ions; to describe the function of receptor proteins on a postsynaptic neuron; to explain the transmission and signal processing in neuronal groups; to explain signal divergence and convergence and lateral inhibition; to explain the term reverberation, permanent signal output, and rhythmic signal output.

To define the term neurotransmitter; to group low-molecular fast-acting transmitters; to group neuropeptide slow-acting transmitters; to describe the differences between these two groups of transmitters; to describe the procedures for identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (according to Sheperd 1988); to describe the effects of neurotransmitters mediated through ionotropic or metabotropic postsynaptic receptors; to explain the term and meaning of receptor desensitization; to explain the glutamate metabolism in the brain; to describe the structure and function of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors; to explain the action mechanism of inhibitory GABA and glycine neurotransmitters; to describe the emergence and action of acetylcholine via acetylcholine receptors; to describe the emergence and action of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) and serotonin; to describe the synthesis and processing of neuropeptides.

To describe the membrane potential of soma neuron: to repeat the ion concentrations on both sides of the neuron membrane; to define the term Nernst potential; to describe the role of diffusion and the Na/K pump in the emergence of the membrane potential of the nerve; to describe the emergence and all phases of the action potential of the nerve; to define the role of sodium and potassium channels regulated by voltage; to describe the law ‘all or nothing’; to explain the term saltatory impulse conduction in the nerves; to explain the emergence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential; to describe the emergence of action potential on the axon of the neuron and the concept of threshold stimulus; to define the term presynaptic inhibition; to explain the term spatial and temporal neuron summation; to explain the term neuronal facilitation; to describe the terms "electronic current" and "decrementary" guidance along the dendrite towards the soma; to explain the synaptic transmission fatigue; to describe the effect of acidosis and alkalosis on the synaptic transmission; to describe the concept of synaptic decay; to explaine the consequences of demyelination process on nerve conductivity.

To group senses; to define sensory receptors; to group sensory receptors; to define the term sense modality and the principle of the "marked line"; to describe the emergence of receptor (generator) potential on the example of Pacinian corpuscle; to define the relationship between receptor and action potential; to describe the mechanisms of receptor adaptation; to explain the term "tonic" and "phasic" receptor; to describe the physiological classification and function of nerve fibers; to describe the relationship of tactile senses, pressure, and vibration; to describe tactile receptors; to describe the structure and function of sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous system: 1. a dorsal column system – a medial lemniscus and anterolateral system 2; to describe the position, parts, and layers of the somatosensory cortex; to explain the functions of certain parts of the somatosensory cortex; to describe somatosensory homunculus; to define the position sense; to define the term dermatome.

To describe the eye optics; to describe the structure of the retina; to explain the photochemistry of vision; to explain the adaptation and accommodation; to describe the visual pathway; to describe the contrast analysis in the visual image; to explain the method of determining the visual field; to describe eye movements and their control; to describe the creation of visual images from the signals from both eyes; to explain the formation and function of the intraocular fluid.

To explain nerve conduction disorders; to differentiate disorders of hypofunction and hyperfunction of dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin neurotransmitters; to explain the pathogenesis of Myasthenia gravis; to describe the mechanism of desensitization; to describe the phenomenon of tardive dyskinesia, as well as the mechanism of abstinence crisis; to explain the concepts of denervation supersensitivity, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, as well as the concept of backward decay; to describe the anatomic isthmus syndrome; to define neuropathies and polyneuropathies; to describe the Brown-Sequard syndrome, conus and epiconus syndrome; to describe a thalamic syndrome; to describe phantom sensations; to define types of pain; to describe pain receptors; to describe the pathways for pain signal transmission: the neospinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract; to describe the functions of reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex in pain perception; to describe the analgesic system in the brain and spinal cord; to explain the importance of the opiate system in the brain; to explain the terms reflected and visceral pain; to describe and list types of headaches.

To describe the physiological structure of the cerebral cortex; to describe the thalamocortical system; to explain the functions of specific cortical areas: association areas (parietal-occipital-temporal, prefrontal, and limbic association area); to explain the position and meaning of the Wernicke's area; to explain the notion of a dominant hemisphere; to explain the significance of a non-dominant hemisphere; to describe the brain function in communication (speech); to name and describe types of speech disorders; to describe the importance of the corpus callosum; to define the notion of thought, consciousness, and memory; to explain the concept of positive and negative memory; to describe the mechanism of short-term, medium-long and long-term memory emergence; to describe the memory consolidation phenomenon: to describe the role of the hippocampus in the process of memory.

To describe two types of sleep; to explain basic theories of sleeping; to describe the emergence and origin of brain waves; to distinguish epilepsies; to define schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia; to describe parts of the limbic system and the activation-stimulating brain system; to describe the functions of the hypothalamus; to explain the importance of reward and punishment in behavior; to describe the functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala.

To define three types of motor abilities: voluntary, subconscious, and reflexive; to describe the structure of the spinal cord; to describe the function of alpha and gamma motoneurons, interneurons, and Renshaw's cells; to describe the structure of the muscle spindle and the sensory and motor innervation of the spindle; to explain the receptor function of the muscle spindle; to describe the reflex arc; to describe the reflex to stretch (dynamic and static part of the reflex); to describe the importance of control of the gamma-motor system; to describe the term clonus; to describe Golgi's tendon reflex; to describe the polysynaptic flexor reflex; to explain the withdrawal pattern; to describe the crosslinked extensor reflex; to define the term reciprocal inhibition; to describe the reflex for body posture and walk; to describe the spinal shock

To define the position and functional parts of the motor cortex; to describe the motor homunculus; to emphasize specialized motor control areas; to define the medial and lateral motor system; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe other neural pathways leaving the motor cortex; to describe the input pathways in the motor cortex; to describe the structure and function of cerebral cortex neuronal columns; to describe the stimulation of the spinal cord motoneurons; to describe the role of brainstem in the control of the motor function – the role of reticular and vestibular nuclei (to describe reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts); to describe the position, anatomical and functional parts of the cerebellum; to define the afferent tracts to the cerebellum; to describe the deep nuclei and efferent tracts of the cerebellum; to describe the functional unit of the cerebellar cortex; to describe the parts and function of vestibulocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of spinocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of the cerebrocerebellum; to describe clinical disorders of the cerebellum.

To name basal ganglia; to describe the putamen circuit; to describe the caudate circuit; to explain the function of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia system; to explain the emergence of Parkinson's disease; to explain the emergence and clinical image of Huntington's disease; to explain the formation of athetosis and hemiballism; to explain the functional connection of the basal ganglia with the brainstem and the motor cortex; to describe the basics of motor neural disorders; to describe the consequences of damage to the corticospinal tract; to describe cerebellar control disorders; to describe disorders of neuromuscular junction (Myasthenia gravis); to describe peripheral motoneuron disorders; to describe motor unit disorders.

To describe the general organization of ANS; to describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe the organization of the parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe cholinergic and adrenergic fibers; to describe adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and their functions; to describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of certain organs: the eye, the glands, the digestive system, the heart, the blood vessels, the blood pressure; to describe the function of the adrenal gland medulla; to explain sympathetic and parasympathetic tone; to describe autonomous reflexes; to describe the alarming reaction of the sympathetic system; to describe ANS control; to name the etiological factors of the neurovegetative disorder; to explain the concepts of primary and secondary ANS disorders; to describe disorders of circadian rhythms; to describe sleeping disorders; to explain the concept of psychosomatic disease; to describe chronic fatigue syndrome.

To describe the circle of Willis; to explain the role of the perivascular space; to describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB); to explain the function of the BBB; to describe the specificities of the brain microcirculation; to discuss transmission through the BBB; to describe the regulation of the cerebral blood flow: autonomous and nervous; to explain the emergence and the clinical presentation of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic); to describe the cerebral metabolism; to describe the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system: formation, flow, and absorption of the CSF; to explain the function of the CSF; to describe the composition of the CSF; to describe the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; to describe the emergence of the communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus; to describe the functions of the ependyma; to name and define the functions of circumventricular organs

to describe the organization of the nervous system; to explain the main levels in the function of the central nervous system (CNS); to describe the cellular structure of neurons and glial cells; to describe the structure and function of synapses; to list types of synapses; to describe the physiological structure of synapses; to explain the role of calcium ions; to describe the function of receptor proteins on a postsynaptic neuron; to explain the transmission and signal processing in neuronal groups; to explain signal divergence and convergence and lateral inhibition; to explain the term reverberation, permanent signal output, and rhythmic signal output.

to define the term neurotransmitter; to group low-molecular fast-acting transmitters; to group neuropeptide slow-acting transmitters; to describe the differences between these two groups of transmitters; to describe the procedures for identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (according to Sheperd 1988); to describe the effects of neurotransmitters mediated through ionotropic or metabotropic postsynaptic receptors; to explain the term and meaning of receptor desensitization; to explain the glutamate metabolism in the brain; to describe the structure and function of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors; to explain the action mechanism of inhibitory GABA and glycine neurotransmitters; to describe the emergence and action of acetylcholine via acetylcholine receptors; to describe the emergence and action of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) and serotonin; to describe the synthesis and processing of neuropeptides.

to describe the membrane potential of soma neuron inaction: to repeat the ion concentrations on both sides of the neuron membrane; to define the term Nernst potential; to describe the role of diffusion and the Na/K pump in the emergence of the membrane potential of the nerve; to describe the emergence and all phases of the action potential of the nerve; to define the role of sodium and potassium channels regulated by voltage; to describe the law ‘all or nothing’; to explain the term saltatory impulse conduction in the nerves; to explain the emergence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential; to describe the emergence of action potential on the axon of the neuron and the concept of threshold stimulus; to define the term presynaptic inhibition; to explain the term spatial and temporal neuron summation; to explain the term neuronal facilitation; to describe the terms "electronic current" and "decrementary" guidance along the dendrite towards the soma; to explain the synaptic transmission fatigue; to describe the effect of acidosis and alkalosis on the synaptic transmission; to describe the concept of synaptic decay.

to group senses; to define sensory receptors; to group sensory receptors; to define the term sense modality and the principle of the "marked line"; to describe the emergence of receptor (generator) potential on the example of Pacinian corpuscle; to define the relationship between receptor and action potential; to describe the mechanisms of receptor adaptation; to explain the term "tonic" and "phasic" receptor; to describe the physiological classification and function of nerve fibers; to describe the relationship of tactile senses, pressure, and vibration; to describe tactile receptors; to describe the structure and function of sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous system: 1. a dorsal column system – a medial lemniscus and anterolateral system 2; to describe the position, parts, and layers of the somatosensory cortex; to explain the functions of certain parts of the somatosensory cortex; to describe somatosensory homunculus; to define the position sense; to define the term dermatome.

to describe the eye optics; to explain the formation and function of the intraocular fluid; to describe the structure of the retina; to explain the photochemistry of vision; to explain the phenomenon of adaptation and accomodation; to describe the visual pathway; to describe the contrast analysis in the visual image; to explain the method of determining the visual field; to describe eye movements and control over it; to describe the joining of visual images from both eyes;

to explain nerve conduction disorders; to extract disorders of hypofunction and hyperfunction of dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin neurotransmitters; to explain the emergence of Myasthenia gravis; to repeat the mechanism of desensitization; to describe the phenomenon of tardive dyskinesia, as well as the mechanism of abstinence crisis; to explain the concepts of denervation supersensitivity, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, as well as the concept of backward decay; to describe the anatomic isthmus syndrome; to define neuropathies and polyneuropathies; to describe the Brown-Sequard syndrome, conus and epiconus syndrome; to describe a thalamic syndrome; to describe phantom sensations; to define types of pain; to describe pain receptors; to describe twice for pain: the neospinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract; to describe the functions of reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex in pain perception; to describe the analgesic system in the brain and the spinal cord; to explain the importance of the opiate system in the brain; to explain the term reflected and visceral pain; to describe and list types of headaches.

to describe the physiological structure of the cerebral cortex; to describe the thalamocortical system; to explain the functions of specific cortical areas: association areas: parietal-occipital-temporal, prefrontal, and limbic association area; to explain the position and meaning of the Wernicke area; to explain the notion of a dominant hemisphere; to explain the significance of a non-dominant hemisphere; to describe the brain function in communication (speech); to name and describe types of speech disorders; to describe the significance of the corpus callosum; to define the notion of thought, consciousness, and memory; to explain the concept of positive and negative memory; to group memory; to describe the mechanism of short-term, medium-long and long-term memory emergence; to describe the memory consolidation phenomenon: the role of the hippocampus in the process of memory.

to describe two types of sleep; to explain basic theories of sleep; to describe the emergence and origin of brain waves; to distinguish epilepsies; to define schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia; to describe parts of the limbic system and the activation-stimulating brain system; to describe the functions of the hypothalamus; to explain the importance of reward and punishment in behavior; to describe the functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala

to define three types of motor abilities: voluntary, subconscious, and reflexive; to describe the structure of the spinal cord; to describe the function of alpha and gamma motoneurons, interneurons, Renshaw's cells;to describe the structure of the muscle spindle and the sensory and motor innervation of the spindle; to explain the receptor function of the muscle spindle; to describe the reflex arc; to describe the reflex to stretch (dynamic and static part of the reflex); to describe the importance of control of the gamma-motor system; to describe the term clonus; to describe Golgi's tendon reflex; to describe the polysynaptic flexor reflex; to explain the removal pattern; to describe the crosslinked extensor reflex; to define the term reciprocal inhibition; to describe the reflex for body posture and walk; to describe the spinal shock

to define the position and functional parts of the motor cortex; to describe the motor homunculus; to extract specialized motor control areas; to define the medial and lateral motor system; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe other neural pathways leaving the motor cortex; to describe the input pathways in the motor cortex; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe the structure and function of cerebral cortex neuron pillars; to describe the stimulation of the spinal cord motoneurons; to describe the role of brainstem in the control of the motor function – the role of reticular and vestibular nuclei (to describe reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts); to describe the position and the anatomical and functional parts of the small brain; to define the input tracts into the small brain; to describe the deep nuclei and output tracts of the small brain; to describe the functional unit of the small brain cortex; to describe the parts and function of vestibulocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of spinocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of the cerebrocerebellum; to describe clinical disorders of the small brain.

to name basal ganglia; to describe the putamen circuit; to describe the caudate circuit; to explain the function of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia system; to explain the emergence of Parkinson's disease; to explain the emergence and clinical image of Huntington's disease; to explain the formation of athetosis and hemiballism; to explain the functional connection of the basal ganglia with the brainstem and the motor cortex; to describe the basics of motor neural disorders; to describe the consequences of damage to the corticospinal tract; to describe cerebellar control disorders; to describe disorders of neuromuscular junction (Myasthenia gravis); to describe peripheral motoneuron disorders; to describe motor unit disorders.

to describe the general organization of ANS; to describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe the organization of the parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe cholinergic and adrenergic fibers; to describe adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and their functions; to describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of certain organs: the eye, the glands, the digestive system, the heart, the blood vessels, the blood pressure; to describe the function of the adrenal gland medulla; to explain sympathetic and parasympathetic tone; to describe autonomous reflexes; to describe the alarming reaction of the sympathetic system; to describe ANS control; to name the etiological factors of the neurovegetative disorder; to explain the concepts of primary and secondary ANS disorders; to describe disorders of circadian rhythms; to describe sleeping disorders - awakeness; to explain the concept of psychosomatic disease; to describe chronic fatigue syndrome.

to describe the circle of Willis; to explain the role of the perivascular space; to describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier; to explain the function of the blood-brain barrier; to describe the specificities of the brain microcirculation; to discuss transmission through the blood-brain barrier; to describe the regulation of the cerebral blood flow: autonomous and nervous; to explain the emergence and the clinical image of a stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic); to describe the cerebral metabolism; to describe the cerebrospinal fluid system: formation, flow, and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid; to explain the function of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; to describe the emergence of the communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus; to describe the functions of the ependyma; to name and define the functions of circumventricular organs

to describe the organization of the nervous system; to explain the main levels in the function of the central nervous system (CNS); to describe the cellular structure of neurons and glial cells; to describe the structure and function of synapses; to list types of synapses; to describe the physiological structure of synapses; to explain the role of calcium ions; to describe the function of receptor proteins on a postsynaptic neuron; to explain the transmission and signal processing in neuronal groups; to explain signal divergence and convergence and lateral inhibition; to explain the term reverberation, permanent signal output, and rhythmic signal output.

to define the term neurotransmitter; to group low-molecular fast-acting transmitters; to group neuropeptide slow-acting transmitters; to describe the differences between these two groups of transmitters; to describe the procedures for identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (according to Sheperd 1988); to describe the effects of neurotransmitters mediated through ionotropic or metabotropic postsynaptic receptors; to explain the term and meaning of receptor desensitization; to explain the glutamate metabolism in the brain; to describe the structure and function of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors; to explain the action mechanism of inhibitory GABA and glycine neurotransmitters; to describe the emergence and action of acetylcholine via acetylcholine receptors; to describe the emergence and action of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) and serotonin; to describe the synthesis and processing of neuropeptides.

to describe the membrane potential of soma neuron inaction: to repeat the ion concentrations on both sides of the neuron membrane; to define the term Nernst potential; to describe the role of diffusion and the Na/K pump in the emergence of the membrane potential of the nerve; to describe the emergence and all phases of the action potential of the nerve; to define the role of sodium and potassium channels regulated by voltage; to describe the law ‘all or nothing’; to explain the term saltatory impulse conduction in the nerves; to explain the emergence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential; to describe the emergence of action potential on the axon of the neuron and the concept of threshold stimulus; to define the term presynaptic inhibition; to explain the term spatial and temporal neuron summation; to explain the term neuronal facilitation; to describe the terms "electronic current" and "decrementary" guidance along the dendrite towards the soma; to explain the synaptic transmission fatigue; to describe the effect of acidosis and alkalosis on the synaptic transmission; to describe the concept of synaptic decay.

to group senses; to define sensory receptors; to group sensory receptors; to define the term sense modality and the principle of the "marked line"; to describe the emergence of receptor (generator) potential on the example of Pacinian corpuscle; to define the relationship between receptor and action potential; to describe the mechanisms of receptor adaptation; to explain the term "tonic" and "phasic" receptor; to describe the physiological classification and function of nerve fibers; to describe the relationship of tactile senses, pressure, and vibration; to describe tactile receptors; to describe the structure and function of sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous system: 1. a dorsal column system – a medial lemniscus and anterolateral system 2; to describe the position, parts, and layers of the somatosensory cortex; to explain the functions of certain parts of the somatosensory cortex; to describe somatosensory homunculus; to define the position sense; to define the term dermatome.

to describe the eye optics; to explain the formation and function of the intraocular fluid; to describe the structure of the retina; to explain the photochemistry of vision; to explain the phenomenon of adaptation and accomodation; to describe the visual pathway; to describe the contrast analysis in the visual image; to explain the method of determining the visual field; to describe eye movements and control over it; to describe the joining of visual images from both eyes;

to explain nerve conduction disorders; to extract disorders of hypofunction and hyperfunction of dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin neurotransmitters; to explain the emergence of Myasthenia gravis; to repeat the mechanism of desensitization; to describe the phenomenon of tardive dyskinesia, as well as the mechanism of abstinence crisis; to explain the concepts of denervation supersensitivity, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, as well as the concept of backward decay; to describe the anatomic isthmus syndrome; to define neuropathies and polyneuropathies; to describe the Brown-Sequard syndrome, conus and epiconus syndrome; to describe a thalamic syndrome; to describe phantom sensations; to define types of pain; to describe pain receptors; to describe twice for pain: the neospinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract; to describe the functions of reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex in pain perception; to describe the analgesic system in the brain and the spinal cord; to explain the importance of the opiate system in the brain; to explain the term reflected and visceral pain; to describe and list types of headaches.

to describe the physiological structure of the cerebral cortex; to describe the thalamocortical system; to explain the functions of specific cortical areas: association areas: parietal-occipital-temporal, prefrontal, and limbic association area; to explain the position and meaning of the Wernicke area; to explain the notion of a dominant hemisphere; to explain the significance of a non-dominant hemisphere; to describe the brain function in communication (speech); to name and describe types of speech disorders; to describe the significance of the corpus callosum; to define the notion of thought, consciousness, and memory; to explain the concept of positive and negative memory; to group memory; to describe the mechanism of short-term, medium-long and long-term memory emergence; to describe the memory consolidation phenomenon: the role of the hippocampus in the process of memory.

to describe two types of sleep; to explain basic theories of sleep; to describe the emergence and origin of brain waves; to distinguish epilepsies; to define schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia; to describe parts of the limbic system and the activation-stimulating brain system; to describe the functions of the hypothalamus; to explain the importance of reward and punishment in behavior; to describe the functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala

to define three types of motor abilities: voluntary, subconscious, and reflexive; to describe the structure of the spinal cord; to describe the function of alpha and gamma motoneurons, interneurons, Renshaw's cells;to describe the structure of the muscle spindle and the sensory and motor innervation of the spindle; to explain the receptor function of the muscle spindle; to describe the reflex arc; to describe the reflex to stretch (dynamic and static part of the reflex); to describe the importance of control of the gamma-motor system; to describe the term clonus; to describe Golgi's tendon reflex; to describe the polysynaptic flexor reflex; to explain the removal pattern; to describe the crosslinked extensor reflex; to define the term reciprocal inhibition; to describe the reflex for body posture and walk; to describe the spinal shock

to define the position and functional parts of the motor cortex; to describe the motor homunculus; to extract specialized motor control areas; to define the medial and lateral motor system; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe other neural pathways leaving the motor cortex; to describe the input pathways in the motor cortex; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe the structure and function of cerebral cortex neuron pillars; to describe the stimulation of the spinal cord motoneurons; to describe the role of brainstem in the control of the motor function – the role of reticular and vestibular nuclei (to describe reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts); to describe the position and the anatomical and functional parts of the small brain; to define the input tracts into the small brain; to describe the deep nuclei and output tracts of the small brain; to describe the functional unit of the small brain cortex; to describe the parts and function of vestibulocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of spinocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of the cerebrocerebellum; to describe clinical disorders of the small brain.

to name basal ganglia; to describe the putamen circuit; to describe the caudate circuit; to explain the function of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia system; to explain the emergence of Parkinson's disease; to explain the emergence and clinical image of Huntington's disease; to explain the formation of athetosis and hemiballism; to explain the functional connection of the basal ganglia with the brainstem and the motor cortex; to describe the basics of motor neural disorders; to describe the consequences of damage to the corticospinal tract; to describe cerebellar control disorders; to describe disorders of neuromuscular junction (Myasthenia gravis); to describe peripheral motoneuron disorders; to describe motor unit disorders.

to describe the general organization of ANS; to describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe the organization of the parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe cholinergic and adrenergic fibers; to describe adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and their functions; to describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of certain organs: the eye, the glands, the digestive system, the heart, the blood vessels, the blood pressure; to describe the function of the adrenal gland medulla; to explain sympathetic and parasympathetic tone; to describe autonomous reflexes; to describe the alarming reaction of the sympathetic system; to describe ANS control; to name the etiological factors of the neurovegetative disorder; to explain the concepts of primary and secondary ANS disorders; to describe disorders of circadian rhythms; to describe sleeping disorders - awakeness; to explain the concept of psychosomatic disease; to describe chronic fatigue syndrome.

to describe the circle of Willis; to explain the role of the perivascular space; to describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier; to explain the function of the blood-brain barrier; to describe the specificities of the brain microcirculation; to discuss transmission through the blood-brain barrier; to describe the regulation of the cerebral blood flow: autonomous and nervous; to explain the emergence and the clinical image of a stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic); to describe the cerebral metabolism; to describe the cerebrospinal fluid system: formation, flow, and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid; to explain the function of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; to describe the emergence of the communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus; to describe the functions of the ependyma; to name and define the functions of circumventricular organs

the central nervous system as an immune-privileged system; the role of microglial cells; to describe possible mechanisms of disease emergence associated with damages to certain subpopulations of nerve cells; to become acquainted with the possibilities of a scientific research approach to diseases of the nervous system.

to describe the organization of the nervous system; to explain the main levels in the function of the central nervous system (CNS); to describe the cellular structure of neurons and glial cells; to describe the structure and function of synapses; to list types of synapses; to describe the physiological structure of synapses; to explain the role of calcium ions; to describe the function of receptor proteins on a postsynaptic neuron; to explain the transmission and signal processing in neuronal groups; to explain signal divergence and convergence and lateral inhibition; to explain the term reverberation, permanent signal output, and rhythmic signal output.

to define the term neurotransmitter; to group low-molecular fast-acting transmitters; to group neuropeptide slow-acting transmitters; to describe the differences between these two groups of transmitters; to describe the procedures for identifying neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (according to Sheperd 1988); to describe the effects of neurotransmitters mediated through ionotropic or metabotropic postsynaptic receptors; to explain the term and meaning of receptor desensitization; to explain the glutamate metabolism in the brain; to describe the structure and function of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors; to explain the action mechanism of inhibitory GABA and glycine neurotransmitters; to describe the emergence and action of acetylcholine via acetylcholine receptors; to describe the emergence and action of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) and serotonin; to describe the synthesis and processing of neuropeptides.

to describe the membrane potential of soma neuron inaction: to repeat the ion concentrations on both sides of the neuron membrane; to define the term Nernst potential; to describe the role of diffusion and the Na/K pump in the emergence of the membrane potential of the nerve; to describe the emergence and all phases of the action potential of the nerve; to define the role of sodium and potassium channels regulated by voltage; to describe the law ‘all or nothing’; to explain the term saltatory impulse conduction in the nerves; to explain the emergence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential; to describe the emergence of action potential on the axon of the neuron and the concept of threshold stimulus; to define the term presynaptic inhibition; to explain the term spatial and temporal neuron summation; to explain the term neuronal facilitation; to describe the terms "electronic current" and "decrementary" guidance along the dendrite towards the soma; to explain the synaptic transmission fatigue; to describe the effect of acidosis and alkalosis on the synaptic transmission; to describe the concept of synaptic decay.

to group senses; to define sensory receptors; to group sensory receptors; to define the term sense modality and the principle of the "marked line"; to describe the emergence of receptor (generator) potential on the example of Pacinian corpuscle; to define the relationship between receptor and action potential; to describe the mechanisms of receptor adaptation; to explain the term "tonic" and "phasic" receptor; to describe the physiological classification and function of nerve fibers; to describe the relationship of tactile senses, pressure, and vibration; to describe tactile receptors; to describe the structure and function of sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals into the central nervous system: 1. a dorsal column system – a medial lemniscus and anterolateral system 2; to describe the position, parts, and layers of the somatosensory cortex; to explain the functions of certain parts of the somatosensory cortex; to describe somatosensory homunculus; to define the position sense; to define the term dermatome.

to describe the eye optics; to explain the formation and function of the intraocular fluid; to describe the structure of the retina; to explain the photochemistry of vision; to explain the phenomenon of adaptation and accomodation; to describe the visual pathway; to describe the contrast analysis in the visual image; to explain the method of determining the visual field; to describe eye movements and control over it; to describe the joining of visual images from both eyes;

to explain nerve conduction disorders; to extract disorders of hypofunction and hyperfunction of dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin neurotransmitters; to explain the emergence of Myasthenia gravis; to repeat the mechanism of desensitization; to describe the phenomenon of tardive dyskinesia, as well as the mechanism of abstinence crisis; to explain the concepts of denervation supersensitivity, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, as well as the concept of backward decay; to describe the anatomic isthmus syndrome; to define neuropathies and polyneuropathies; to describe the Brown-Sequard syndrome, conus and epiconus syndrome; to describe a thalamic syndrome; to describe phantom sensations; to define types of pain; to describe pain receptors; to describe twice for pain: the neospinothalamic tract and paleospinothalamic tract; to describe the functions of reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortex in pain perception; to describe the analgesic system in the brain and the spinal cord; to explain the importance of the opiate system in the brain; to explain the term reflected and visceral pain; to describe and list types of headaches.

to describe the physiological structure of the cerebral cortex; to describe the thalamocortical system; to explain the functions of specific cortical areas: association areas: parietal-occipital-temporal, prefrontal, and limbic association area; to explain the position and meaning of the Wernicke area; to explain the notion of a dominant hemisphere; to explain the significance of a non-dominant hemisphere; to describe the brain function in communication (speech); to name and describe types of speech disorders; to describe the significance of the corpus callosum; to define the notion of thought, consciousness, and memory; to explain the concept of positive and negative memory; to group memory; to describe the mechanism of short-term, medium-long and long-term memory emergence; to describe the memory consolidation phenomenon: the role of the hippocampus in the process of memory.

to describe two types of sleep; to explain basic theories of sleep; to describe the emergence and origin of brain waves; to distinguish epilepsies; to define schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia; to describe parts of the limbic system and the activation-stimulating brain system; to describe the functions of the hypothalamus; to explain the importance of reward and punishment in behavior; to describe the functions of the hippocampus and the amygdala

to define three types of motor abilities: voluntary, subconscious, and reflexive; to describe the structure of the spinal cord; to describe the function of alpha and gamma motoneurons, interneurons, Renshaw's cells;to describe the structure of the muscle spindle and the sensory and motor innervation of the spindle; to explain the receptor function of the muscle spindle; to describe the reflex arc; to describe the reflex to stretch (dynamic and static part of the reflex); to describe the importance of control of the gamma-motor system; to describe the term clonus; to describe Golgi's tendon reflex; to describe the polysynaptic flexor reflex; to explain the removal pattern; to describe the crosslinked extensor reflex; to define the term reciprocal inhibition; to describe the reflex for body posture and walk; to describe the spinal shock

to define the position and functional parts of the motor cortex; to describe the motor homunculus; to extract specialized motor control areas; to define the medial and lateral motor system; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe other neural pathways leaving the motor cortex; to describe the input pathways in the motor cortex; to describe the corticospinal tract; to describe the structure and function of cerebral cortex neuron pillars; to describe the stimulation of the spinal cord motoneurons; to describe the role of brainstem in the control of the motor function – the role of reticular and vestibular nuclei (to describe reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts); to describe the position and the anatomical and functional parts of the small brain; to define the input tracts into the small brain; to describe the deep nuclei and output tracts of the small brain; to describe the functional unit of the small brain cortex; to describe the parts and function of vestibulocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of spinocerebellum; to describe the parts and function of the cerebrocerebellum; to describe clinical disorders of the small brain.

to name basal ganglia; to describe the putamen circuit; to describe the caudate circuit; to explain the function of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia system; to explain the emergence of Parkinson's disease; to explain the emergence and clinical image of Huntington's disease; to explain the formation of athetosis and hemiballism; to explain the functional connection of the basal ganglia with the brainstem and the motor cortex; to describe the basics of motor neural disorders; to describe the consequences of damage to the corticospinal tract; to describe cerebellar control disorders; to describe disorders of neuromuscular junction (Myasthenia gravis); to describe peripheral motoneuron disorders; to describe motor unit disorders.

to describe the general organization of ANS; to describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe the organization of the parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; to describe cholinergic and adrenergic fibers; to describe adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and their functions; to describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of certain organs: the eye, the glands, the digestive system, the heart, the blood vessels, the blood pressure; to describe the function of the adrenal gland medulla; to explain sympathetic and parasympathetic tone; to describe autonomous reflexes; to describe the alarming reaction of the sympathetic system; to describe ANS control; to name the etiological factors of the neurovegetative disorder; to explain the concepts of primary and secondary ANS disorders; to describe disorders of circadian rhythms; to describe sleeping disorders - awakeness; to explain the concept of psychosomatic disease; to describe chronic fatigue syndrome.

to describe the circle of Willis; to explain the role of the perivascular space; to describe the structure of the blood-brain barrier; to explain the function of the blood-brain barrier; to describe the specificities of the brain microcirculation; to discuss transmission through the blood-brain barrier; to describe the regulation of the cerebral blood flow: autonomous and nervous; to explain the emergence and the clinical image of a stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic); to describe the cerebral metabolism; to describe the cerebrospinal fluid system: formation, flow, and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid; to explain the function of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid; to describe the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; to describe the emergence of the communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus; to describe the functions of the ependyma; to name and define the functions of circumventricular organs

the central nervous system as an immune-privileged system; the role of microglial cells; to describe possible mechanisms of disease emergence associated with damages to certain subpopulations of nerve cells; to become acquainted with the possibilities of a scientific research approach to diseases of the nervous system.