Define why clinical propedeutics is important - explain the fact that history taking and clinical examination of patients is the basis of all branches of clinical medicine. Describe the elements of history taking, define what is essential when approaching to the patient, and list the basic communication skills in clinical medicine. Describe essential and irrelevant information. Define the meaning of trust between physician and patient as one of the preconditions for good diagnostics and therapy.

Define, describe and analyse the key ethical and legislative principles in approaching patient and his family

List and describe the methods of physical examination. Describe and explain the theoretical basics of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Analyse relevant changes in the general status of the patient – the body height, body weight, changes in musculoskeletal structure, changes in skin and mucous membranes, mobility of the patients, the consciousness. Describe the recognition and assessment vital signs - pulse, arterial pressure, breathing, body temperature.

Describe the technique of head and neck examination. Define the most common pathological changes in the status of the head and neck with special review to the organs and structures of this region (eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity and pharynx, thyroid gland, lymph nodes, neck veins).

Define the topography of the chest and explain how to indicate the precise localisation of changes that are observed. Describe the most common changes in the chest wall, changes of the spine, and of the breast.

Define the technique of lung examination (percussion, auscultation). Describe the mechanisms of percutaneous sound changes, respiratory noise and associated audible phenomena (continuous musical noises, intermittent non-muscular noises, pleural friction).

Define the most common changes that can be detected by percusion and auscultation, and explain their meaning. Describe the theoretical part of the physical examination of the heart (changes in cardiac ictus, percussion techniques and basics of the auscultation of the heart).

Describe the mechanisms of heart tones and heart murmurs. Define the audible elements by mechanism of origin, temporal localization, volume, quality of the sounds and changes during dynamic auscultation. Define how to describe the pathological findings of heart tones and murmurs, and explain the key differences between them. Describe the physical findings of the most common heart valve diseases and other haemodynamic hart changes. Describe the most common changes in the carotid artery pulse that can be detected by physical examination.

Define the topography of the abdomen and how to describe the precise localisation of changes observed. Describe the technique of physical examination of the abdomen and how to indicate / report the changes. Define the recognition of enlargement of individual abdominal organs, the presence of ascites and tumours by physical examination.

Define the technique of physical examination of the extremities. Describe clinically significant changes in the peripheral arterial pulse, compare them with each other and argue for their meaning.

Explain how to approach to the patient with chest pain, describe the specifics of the anamnesis and physical examination. Distinguish between the most common diseases that may have the chest pain as a leading symptom and describe their differential diagnosis.

Define access to the patient with abdominal pain, and explain the most important elements of medical history taking and physical examination. Describe the key clinical elements of the most common diseases that may be presented with abdominal pain, and describe their differential diagnosis.

Explain what is the clinical importance of cough and hemoptysis, and what are the key elements of medical history and physical examination in those patients. List the most common causes of cough and hemoptysis. Compare the leading clinical determinants of bleeding from the respiratory system and indicate the differences in hemoptysis from bleeding from other sources (nose, gastrointestinal tract).

List the most common causes of dyspnea and explain the specifics of the diagnostic approach to these patients. Define differential diagnosis of dyspnoea that are based on clinical examination (history and physical findings).

Define the mechanisms, origin causes, consequences and clinical significance of hypoxia. Describe the approach to these patients and the possibilities of differential diagnosis.

Describe the mechanisms of edema formation and compare the clinical contexts in which they may occur. Define how based on clinical examination edema may be differentiated depending on the cause (heart, liver, kidney, peripheral venous insufficiency, hypoproteinaemia, lymphedema, iatrogenic edema).

Explain what are the manifestations of gastrointestinal bleeding (haematemesis, melena, occult bleeding). Define the most common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding, list and explain the differential diagnosis options. Explain what is icterus, differentiate and argue the differential diagnosis. Describe how to identify ascites using physical examination methods and how to distinguish the ascites from other causes of abdominal enlargement (obesity, flatulence, tumours).

Describe what shock and cardiovascular collapse are. Define forms of shock and explain their recognition, and list their key similarities and differences. Define cardiac arrest (access to a patient with a sudden loss of consciousness) and explain how to distinguish it from sudden cardiac death.

Define the most common causes of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, explain methods of their identification by physical examination, argue the importance of certain details of physical status and describe the possibilities of differential diagnosis.

Define the most common symptoms and signs of rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases (general symptoms, changes in general status, changes in joints, skin and internal organs). Describe the most common mechanisms of these disorders, compare leading clinical imaging features and define differential diagnosis options.

Define the most common urinary disorders (polyuria, oliguria, anuria, polacysuria, dysuria, nocturia, enuresis, incontinence). Distinguish the most common causes of these particular disorders, explain and argue the possibilities of their differential diagnosis.

Define the value of findings from the history and physical examination according to their sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. Explain what evidence-based medicine is, describe how it is generated, and define how clinical guidelines should be used.

Define why clinical propedeutics is important - explain the fact that history taking and clinical examination of patients is the basis of all branches of clinical medicine. Describe the elements of history taking, define what is essential when approaching to the patient, and list the basic communication skills in clinical medicine. Describe essential and irrelevant information. Define the meaning of trust between physician and patient as one of the preconditions for good diagnostics and therapy.

Define, describe and analyse the key ethical and legislative principles in approaching patient and his family

List and describe the methods of physical examination. Describe and explain the theoretical basics of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

Analyse relevant changes in the general status of the patient – the body height, body weight, changes in musculoskeletal structure, changes in skin and mucous membranes, mobility of the patients, the consciousness. Describe the recognition and assessment vital signs - pulse, arterial pressure, breathing, body temperature.

Describe the technique of head and neck examination. Define the most common pathological changes in the status of the head and neck with special review to the organs and structures of this region (eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity and pharynx, thyroid gland, lymph nodes, neck veins).

Define the topography of the chest and explain how to indicate the precise localisation of changes that are observed. Describe the most common changes in the chest wall, changes of the spine, and of the breast.

Define the technique of lung examination (percussion, auscultation). Describe the mechanisms of percutaneous sound changes, respiratory noise and associated audible phenomena (continuous musical noises, intermittent non-muscular noises, pleural friction).

Define the most common changes that can be detected by percusion and auscultation, and explain their meaning. Describe the theoretical part of the physical examination of the heart (changes in cardiac ictus, percussion techniques and basics of the auscultation of the heart).

Describe the mechanisms of heart tones and heart murmurs. Define the audible elements by mechanism of origin, temporal localization, volume, quality of the sounds and changes during dynamic auscultation. Define how to describe the pathological findings of heart tones and murmurs, and explain the key differences between them. Describe the physical findings of the most common heart valve diseases and other haemodynamic hart changes. Describe the most common changes in the carotid artery pulse that can be detected by physical examination.

Define the topography of the abdomen and how to describe the precise localisation of changes observed. Describe the technique of physical examination of the abdomen and how to indicate / report the changes. Define the recognition of enlargement of individual abdominal organs, the presence of ascites and tumours by physical examination.

Define the technique of physical examination of the extremities. Describe clinically significant changes in the peripheral arterial pulse, compare them with each other and argue for their meaning.

Explain how to approach to the patient with chest pain, describe the specifics of the anamnesis and physical examination. Distinguish between the most common diseases that may have the chest pain as a leading symptom and describe their differential diagnosis.

Define access to the patient with abdominal pain, and explain the most important elements of medical history taking and physical examination. Describe the key clinical elements of the most common diseases that may be presented with abdominal pain, and describe their differential diagnosis.

Explain what is the clinical importance of cough and hemoptysis, and what are the key elements of medical history and physical examination in those patients. List the most common causes of cough and hemoptysis. Compare the leading clinical determinants of bleeding from the respiratory system and indicate the differences in hemoptysis from bleeding from other sources (nose, gastrointestinal tract).

List the most common causes of dyspnea and explain the specifics of the diagnostic approach to these patients. Define differential diagnosis of dyspnoea that are based on clinical examination (history and physical findings).

Define the mechanisms, origin causes, consequences and clinical significance of hypoxia. Describe the approach to these patients and the possibilities of differential diagnosis.

Describe the mechanisms of edema formation and compare the clinical contexts in which they may occur. Define how based on clinical examination edema may be differentiated depending on the cause (heart, liver, kidney, peripheral venous insufficiency, hypoproteinaemia, lymphedema, iatrogenic edema).

Explain what are the manifestations of gastrointestinal bleeding (haematemesis, melena, occult bleeding). Define the most common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding, list and explain the differential diagnosis options. Explain what is icterus, differentiate and argue the differential diagnosis. Describe how to identify ascites using physical examination methods and how to distinguish the ascites from other causes of abdominal enlargement (obesity, flatulence, tumours).

Describe what shock and cardiovascular collapse are. Define forms of shock and explain their recognition, and list their key similarities and differences. Define cardiac arrest (access to a patient with a sudden loss of consciousness) and explain how to distinguish it from sudden cardiac death.

Define the most common causes of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, explain methods of their identification by physical examination, argue the importance of certain details of physical status and describe the possibilities of differential diagnosis.

Define the most common symptoms and signs of rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases (general symptoms, changes in general status, changes in joints, skin and internal organs). Describe the most common mechanisms of these disorders, compare leading clinical imaging features and define differential diagnosis options.

Define the most common urinary disorders (polyuria, oliguria, anuria, polacysuria, dysuria, nocturia, enuresis, incontinence). Distinguish the most common causes of these particular disorders, explain and argue the possibilities of their differential diagnosis.

Define the value of findings from the history and physical examination according to their sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. Explain what evidence-based medicine is, describe how it is generated, and define how clinical guidelines should be used.