Kolegij
Studiji
Medical Studies in EnglishStudijska godina
3ISVU ID
200555ECTS
8
Course of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology is a compulsory course in the 3rd year of the Integrated Undergraduate and Graduate University Study of Medicine, which is carried out through 30 hours of lectures, 30 hours of seminars and 30 hours of laboratory exercises, in total of 90 hours (8 ECTS). Lectures and seminars are held in the lecture halls and practical laboratory work at the Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka.
The aim of the course is to provide students with the basic biological characteristics of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) that cause human infections, their virulence factors, environmental resistance, their route of transmission, and the basis for human infection protection. Students will learn about different types of vaccines available for certain microbial infections. One of the goals is to teach basic groups of antimicrobial drugs, their spectrum of action, mechanism of action on the bacterial cell, and mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs. The aim is to introduce students with the possibilities of treating fungal, parasitic and viral infections. The students will also gain insight into the basic procedures of microbiological diagnostics, with particular emphasis on microbiological analysis of the most common clinical samples.
Course content:
General Medical Bacteriology: Micromorphology of bacteria, microscopy, microbiological stainings. Bacteria cell structure. Metabolism and genetics, growth and reproduction, nutrition and physical conditions of bacterial growth. Cell metabolism, energy production, and gene expression in the bacterial cell. Classification and nomenclature of bacteria. Bacterial antigens and vaccines. Immune response to
infections. Resistance of bacteria to physical and chemical factors. Sterilization procedures and sterilization control. Disinfectants and disinfections. Antimicrobial drugs: Mechanism and spectrum of antibiotic activity, bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections: bacterial pathogenicity and virulence. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections.
Special Medical Bacteriology: Normal human microbiota. Medical significant Gram-positive and gram negative bacteria. Atypical bacteria. Microbiological diagnosis of bacterial infections.
General Medical Mycology: Morphology, structure, reproduction, and Metabolism of clinically relevant fungi. Pathogenesis of fungal diseases. Factors of fungal virulence. Fungal diseases and laboratory diagnostics. Antifungal drugs.
Special Medical Mycology: Yeasts and molds of medical significance. Opportunistic and dimorphic fungi.
General Medical Parasitology: Parasitism as an ecological and medical concept. Laboratory diagnostics of parasitosis.
Special Medical Parasitology: Medically relevant parasites.
General Virology: General characteristics, classification, virus replication. Viral vaccines and antiviral drugs. Pathogenesis and laboratory diagnostics of viral diseases.
Special Virology: Medical Significant RNA and DNA Viruses. Prions.
Teaching:
Teaching is performed in the form of lectures, seminars and laboratory exercises, during 15 weeks. During the exercises, the teacher demonstrates and supervises the active participation of the students in performing the laboratory tests. During the course there will be compulsory midterm written exams, and a final laboratory exercise. At the end of the course a written part, and an oral part of the final exam will be held. By completing all teaching activities, and passing the final examination, the student acquires 8 ECTS credits.
1. Jawetz, Melnick i Adelberg "Medical Microbiology”, 27th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2016. (http://med-mu.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Jawetz-Melnick-Adelbergs-Medical-Microbiology-27-edition.pdf)
2. Laboratory Excercises in Medical Microbiology – Practical Handbook for Medical Students, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology.
1. Josephine A. Morello JA, Granato PA, Eckel Mizer H. Laboratory Manual and Workbook in Microbiology, 7th ed. http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mwhindi/files/Laboratory_Manual_And_Workbook_In_Microbiology.pdf
2. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology http://textbookofbacteriology.net/
3. Microbiology and Immunology On-Line (https://www.microbiologybook.org/)
All forms of teaching, lectures, seminars and laboratory exercises are compulsory. Each student is expected to attend all teaching units, actively participate in discussions and laboratory exercises. A student may be absent from a total of 30% of teaching solely for health reasons, which justifies with a medical certificate. If a student justifiably or unjustifiably misses more than 30% of teaching he/she
cannot continue to follow the course and loses the opportunity to attend the final exam. In doing so, he earned 0 ECTS credits and was rated with mark F.
To work in a microbiology lab, students must wear a protective coat and have a handbook which they can buy at the Faculty of Medicine Rijeka. The handbook homepage lists the rules for safe work in the lab. Students are required to regularly perform hand hygiene (hand wash or hand rub) according to the instructions given in the introductory exercise, and are also indicated in the handbook and reported in the form of posters in the laboratory. When entering the laboratory for the first time, students are required to read all the rules and confirm with their signature that they will abide by them.
A record on attendance and activity in the classroom will be kept for each student. Knowledge will be continually evaluated and the students should prepare for the classes according to the syllabus. There will be 2 midterm written tests, and a final practical exercise. The final exam consists of a written and oral parts.
By completing all teaching activities, taking the obligatory midterms, practical excersice and passing the both parts of the final exam, the student earns 8 ECTS credits.
ECTS grading system:
Student assessment is carried out in accordance with the current regulations of the University of Rijeka, adopted by the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Medicine in Rijeka.
Students' performance will be evaluated during the course and at the final exam. Out of a total of 100 credits, a student can earn 50 credits during the course, and 50 credits at the final exam. Students are assessed using ECTS (A-D) and the numerical system (1-5).
The maximum of 50 credit points can be earned during the course. The students must earn at least 50% (25 credit points) in order to take the final exam. Students who earn 0-49.9% (0-24.9 credit points) during the course, earn an F (fail) grade, no ECTS credits, and must re-enroll in the course.
During the course, the student can earn a maximum of 50 credit point by actively participating in classes, completing all assignments, attending midterm exams, and final laboratory excercise as follows:
I. During the course, the following are evaluated:
a) Midterm test I/ Colloquium I covers knowledge acquired by the date of the midterm test (general and part of special bacteriology). The mid-term test consists of 50 multiple-choice questions with five answers offered. Each correct answer carries half a point. It is possible to get up to 25 points on the test.
b) Midterm / Colloquium II includes virology, mycology and parasitology. The mid-term test consists of 50 multiple-choice questions with five answers offered. Each correct answer carries half a point. It is possible to get up to 25 points on the test.
On two midterms, a student can achieve a maximum total of 50 grading points. To qualify for the final exam, a total of at least 25 grading points must be achieved.
Final Exam (50 credit points in total)
To be eligible for the final exam, students must:
- Students who have earned a total of at least 25 grading points during the semester (50% of the points allocated for continuous assessment) or have met this requirement after the makeup midterm exam.
- Students who earn fewer than 25 grading points during the semester have the right to take one makeup midterm exam, specifically for the midterm in which they scored fewer points. The makeup midterm exam will be held after the end of classes.
Students who do not qualify for the final exam:
- Students who fail to earn a total of at least 25 grading points even after the makeup midterm exam, or who have an absence rate of 30% or higher, will receive a grade of F (fail), will not earn ECTS credits, and are required to retake the course.
The final exam consists of a written and an oral part. The written test contains 80 multiple-choice questions The student in the final exam must pass at least
55% (44 correct answers) of the written test and be positively evaluated in the oral part of the exam. - The scoring method for
the final exam is shown in Table 2.
Written test | Oral exam | ||
Correct answers (%) | Points | Grade | Points |
< 44 (< 55 %) | 0 impassable | sufficient (2) | 15 - 18 |
44 – 45 (55 – 57,4 %) | 10 | good (3) | 19 - 22 |
46 – 47 (57,5 – 59,9 %) | 11 | very good (4) | 23 - 26 |
48 – 51 (60 – 64,9 %) | 12 | excellent (5) | 27 - 30 |
52 – 55 (65 – 69,9 %) | 13 |
|
|
56 – 59 (70 – 74,9 %) | 14 |
|
|
60 – 63 (75 – 79,9 %) | 15 |
|
|
64 – 67 (80 – 84,9 %) | 16 |
|
|
68 – 71 (85 – 89,9 %) | 17 |
|
|
72 – 75 (90 – 94,9 %) | 18 |
|
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76 – 78 (95 – 98,7 %) | 19 |
|
|
79 – 80 (98,8 – 100 %) | 20 |
|
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Assessment in the ECTS system is done by absolute distribution, ie on the basis of final achievement (credit points earned during the course are added to the points from the final exam):
A = 90 - 100%
B = 75 - 89,9%
C = 60 - 74,9%
D = 50 - 59,9%
F = 0 - 49,9%
The grades in the ECTS system are translated into the numerical system as follows:
A = escellent (5)
B = very good (4)
C = good (3)
D = sufficient (2)
F = insufficient (1)
The course contents and all course related information as well as the midterm, and final exams terms are available on the web pages of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka and the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology.
Ishodi učenja
-get acquainted with the microbiology course
- recall the rules in the taxonomy and clasification of living organisms, including microorganisms
- give examples of bacterial classification.
Ishodi učenja
- explain the terms antibiotic, selective toxicity, bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, broad and narrowspectral antibiotic
- state the basic mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs on the bacterial cell
- explain the antibiotic susceptibility testing and explain the sensitivity categories (S, I, R)
Ishodi učenja
- state the basic mechanisms of bacterial resistance
- state all three ways of horizontal gene transfer between bacteria
- describe each of the above mentioned ways - give examples of multi
-resistant bacteria of medical significance
Ishodi učenja
- indicate the differences between resident and transient (skin) microbiota
- connect the microbiota with health maintaince and causing the disease
- define the bacterial biofilm and describe the way it originates
-indicate at least three reasons why bacteria associate in biofilm
- link biofilm with infections and clinical failure of antimicrobial therapy
- link biofilm with antibiotic resistance; explain the term phenotypic resistance
Ishodi učenja
- describe mycobacteria and discuss their staining and cultivation characteristics
- indicate all obligatory pathogenic and most usal opportunistic mycobacteria
- summarize the most important laboratory tests for tuberculosis diagnosis
- indicate first line antimicrobial drugs for tuberculosis treatment
- describe the properties of coryneform bacteria and characteristics of pathogenic species
- identify virulence factors for Corynebacterium diphteriae and associate them with the infection they cause
- discuss the possibility of diphtheria prevention
Ishodi učenja
- describe the characteristics of mycoplasma and ureaplasma
- describe their virulence factors and associate them with the pathogenesis of the infections they cause
- discuss the selection of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of infections caused by mycoplasmas
- state the most significant species from the genera Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
- describe the way chlamydia reproduce and discuss differences in relation to "typical" bacteria
- categorize the most important intracellular, atypical bacteria according to their characteristics and types of vectors
- connect them with the infections they cause and the ways of their transmitting
Ishodi učenja
- describe micromorphology and ways of clustering of curved bacteria (vibrios, campylobacters)
- describe micromorphology and factors of helicobacter virulence and associate them with the infection they cause
- discuss the specificity of H. pylori laboratory diagnosis
- describe the properties of Yersinia and identify the most important species
- explain the way of plague transmission in connection with symptoms of infection and spread of pathogens (epidemics, pandemics)
- explain the pathogenesis of intestinal infections caused by Y. enterocolitica
Ishodi učenja
- Identify pseudomonas virulence factors and associate them with the infections they cause
- discuss the significance of acinetobacter in hospital infections
- discuss the possibility of antimicrobial treatment of infections caused by pseudomonas and acinetobacter
- describe the mode of Legionella transmission and connect it with human infections
Ishodi učenja
- describe the virus structure and group them into families depending on the nucleic acid and other characteristics
- connect viruses with the infections they cause - group viral vaccines and give examples of certain types of vaccine
- indicate viral diseases for which there is specific treatment
- list and describe the mechanism of action of the most important antiviral drugs
- summarize the ways in which the virus can be propagated - correlate steps in virus multiplication with the antiviral drugs mechanism of action
Ishodi učenja
- group hepatitis viruses into families and list the most important characteristics and ways of transmission
- associate viruses with the infections they cause and the possible consequences
- indicate HBV antigens and their significance in the diagnosis of hepatitis B
- specify the diagnostic options, specific therapy and prevention of viral hepatitis
- classify particular genera within the Paramyxoviridae family and list the most important species linking them with the infections they cause
- describe the pathogenesis of specific viral infections (measles, mumps)
- describe the characteristics, structure and method of reproduction of Togaviride
-indicate the characteristics of rubella virus, pathogenesis of infection, diagnostic procedures and method of prevention
Ishodi učenja
- list fungi of medical importance and associate them with the infections they cause
- give examples of the most common causes of human mycosis
- list antifungal agents and group them according to the mechanism of action on the fungal cell
- describe the mechanisms of antifungal resistance
Ishodi učenja
Describe and group multicelular parasites according to their structure and characteristics. List tapeworms of medical importance, describe the life cycle of tenia and echinococcus. Associate individual flukes with infections that they cause.
Ishodi učenja
- describe the life cycle and biological characteristics of plasmodiums; classify the most important species within the genus Plasmodium and associate them with the clinical picture
- list the most important species of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania and associate them with the infections they cause
- describe the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis and the methods of transmission of the causative agent
- discuss the clinical significance of the infection caused by T. gondii
Ishodi učenja
- list and describe all stages of bacterial growth (describe and explain the bacterial growth curve)
- define the terms biocide, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, sterilization, sepsis, asepsis and antiseptic
- specify and describe the mode of action of physical and chemical agents on the bacterial cell
- list sterilization procedures and provide examples of the use of particular procedures in medical practice
- list and describe the procedures for sterilization procedures control
- list and group disinfectants according to their effect and use
Ishodi učenja
- define and classify oncogenic viruses
- describe the characteristics of transformed cell viruses
- explain the reasons for the occurrence of new pathogens
- give examples of threatening viral infections and indicate the characteristics of the pathogens
Ishodi učenja
- list (and give an examples) all five moments (indication, occasion) for the hand hygiene
- apply hand hygiene (washing and rubbing) through 6 steps - perform aseptic procedures
- prepare native and stained microscopic slides and perform simple bacteriological staining
- use a light microscope to visualize bacteria
Ishodi učenja
- list the factors necessary for bacterial growth on artificial nutrient media
- perform Gram staining
- specify direct microbiological procedures for the diagnosis of infectious diseases
- describe ways to identify bacteria
Ishodi učenja
- independently perform a disc diffusion method for determining susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials
- interpret the results of prepared disc diffusion test in accordance with current EUCAST standards
- link the findings of susceptibility test to choice of antimicrobial therapy in clinical practice 7
- read prepared dilution susceptibility and E-tests and interprete the results
- define the terms MIC and MBC
- identify some of the mechanisms of resistance in enterobacteria based on phenotypic tests (production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-ESBLs; production of carbapenemase, etc)
- discuss the significance of bacterial resistance in clinical practice
Ishodi učenja
- name the most common causes of upper respiratory tract infections
- associate the bacterium with the infection they cause
- sample the throat and nose swabs
- determine the type of most common respiratory pathogens according to the microscopic or other characteristics
- perform tests to distinguish between staphylococci and streptococci
Ishodi učenja
- assess specimen quality using the sputum Gram stain
- perform microbiological laboratory procedures for samples from the lower respiratory system
- recall the characteristics of M. tuberculosis and link them to diagnostic methods
- review and describe microscopic smears stained with Ziehl-Neelsen technique - describe the principle of the IGRA test
Ishodi učenja
- perform urine culture and determine the number of bacteria per milliliter of the urine sample
- explain the concept of indirect microbiological diagnosis and list serological tests
- read and interpret the prepared serological tests and relate them to the stage of infection
- list genera of spiral bacteria and compare them based on their micromorphology, mode of transmission
- explain the reasons for using serological tests in the diagnosis of syphilis, Lyme disease
Ishodi učenja
- name obligate pathogenic gut bacteria; list selective and differential media for isolation of particular type of bacteria
- perform stool culture using different selective media
- identify specific intestinal pathogens based on colony morphology and biochemical tests
- perform agglutination tests for serotyping of Salmonella
- demonstration of the POCT test for diagnosis of helicobacter
Ishodi učenja
- name the most common pathogens for blood and central nervous system infections
- associate the bacterium with the infection they cause
- make microscopic smears from positive blood cultures and CFS and recognize the micromorphology of bacteria
- perform direct disc-diffusion susceptibility test from positive blood cultures
- describe and explain the satellite phenomenon in the diagnosis of H. influenzae
Ishodi učenja
- discuss the differences between bacteria and viruses and link them to the laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
- list direct and indirect microbiological procedures in the diagnosis of viral infections and discuss their choice
- explain the terms sensitivity and specificity of a laboratory test
Ishodi učenja
- interpret prepared serological tests - perform POCT for rotavirus/adenovirus infections - explain the IgG avidity test in discrimination between recently acquired and distant infection
Ishodi učenja
- remember the characteristics and differences between yeasts and molds and relate them to the methods of microbiological diagnostics
- macroscopically and microscopically examine the prepared fungal cultures
- recognize the morphology of individual fungi based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics
Ishodi učenja
- prepare microscopic slides from stool samples; compare your own results with demonstration microscopic slides and identify cysts of individual protozoa and eggs of multicellular parasites
- recognize the morphological forms of plasmodium in prepared thick and thin blood smears and determine parasitemia
- examine formalin preparations and describe adult forms of tapeworms, roundworms and flukes
- examine the microscopic slides of individual ectoparasites and discuss their role in microbes transmission
Ishodi učenja
- according to the presented clinical cases select the most appropriate clinical samples for microbiology
- process the clinical specimen according to previously adopted rules and apply the correct microbiological procedures
- identify the most likely cause
- propose the most effective antimicrobial therapy (disscus laboratory role in the selection of antimicrobial therapy)
Ishodi učenja
- according to the presented clinical cases select the most appropriate clinical samples for microbiology
- process the clinical specimen according to previously adopted rules and apply the correct microbiological procedures
- identify the most likely cause
- propose the most effective antimicrobial therapy (disscus laboratory role in the selection of antimicrobial therapy)
Ishodi učenja
- according to the presented clinical cases select the most appropriate clinical samples for microbiology
- process the clinical specimen according to previously adopted rules and apply the correct microbiological procedures
- identify the most likely cause
- propose the most effective antimicrobial therapy
Ishodi učenja
- describe the structure of the bacterial cell and compare the structure of gram-negative and grampositive bacteria
- explain the terms pathogenicity and virulence
- associate bacterial cell structure with virulence factors
- list the virulence factors of the bacteria and relate them to the pathogenesis of bacterial infections
Ishodi učenja
- group and give examples of individual antimicrobials depending on their activity and mechanism of action on the bacterial cell
- discuss the most important mechanisms of bacterial resistance
Ishodi učenja
- group and give examples of individual antimicrobials depending on their activity and mechanism of 5 action on the bacterial cell
- discuss the most important mechanisms of bacterial resistance
Ishodi učenja
- describe micromorphology and arrangement of gram positive cocci
- list the virulence factors of staphylococci, streptococci and enterococci and relate them to the infections they cause
- discuss microbiological procedures for the identification of staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci
Ishodi učenja
- group the bacteria according to to their oxygen requisite
- list the enzymes responsible for bacterial anaerobiosis
- specify features that indicate anaerobic infection
Ishodi učenja
- describe micromorphology and arrangemets of gram negative cocci
- list virulence factors of Neisseria and relate them to the infections they cause
- classify spiral bacteria into genera and species
- list the most significant virulence factors of spirochetes and relate them to the infections they cause
- discuss the specifics of laboratory diagnostics procedures in spirochetal infection
- explain the principle of serological diagnostics; define antibody titer
Ishodi učenja
- describe micromorphology and characteristics of enterobacteria
- name the most important genera and species that cause intestinal infections
- list the characteristics of Salmonella and relate them to the infections they cause
- link the route of Salmonella transmission with the onset of infection and control measures
- list significant multidrug-resistant enterobacteria and correlate them to hospital infections
Ishodi učenja
- describe micromorphology and specific growth requirements for hemophilic cocobacilli
- list the virulence factors of Haemophilus and correlate them with the infections they cause
- discuss microbiological identification procedures for the growth of fastidious gram negative cocobacilli
- describe micromorphology and specific characteristics of moraxella and discuss their clinical significance
Ishodi učenja
- describe the characteristics, structure, and mode of amplification of DNA viruses
- discuss pathogenetic mechanisms in the emergence of infections caused by DNA viruses
- classify herpesviruses and describe pathogenetic characteristics (latency; persistence; recurrence)
- describe the characteristics, structure and method of multiplication of rabies virus and relate them to the infection they cause.
- list and isolate the most significant way of transmitting rabies virus
Ishodi učenja
- classify individual genera within the Picornaviridae family and list the most significant species
- associate picornaviruses with the infections they cause
- describe the pathogenesis of specific viral infections (polio)
- describe the characteristics, structure and mode of reproduction of selected RNA viruses and relate them to the infection they cause 6
- describe the most important ways of transmitting selected RNA viruses (influenza virus, mumps, measles)
- specify laboratory procedures in diagnosis infections caused by selected RNA viruses
- describe the characteristics, structure and method of reproduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and relate it to the infection they cause.
- list the most significant ways of HIV transmition
- describe laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection
Ishodi učenja
- specify the characteristics of yeasts and molds and identify those fungi that are the most common pathogens in clinical practice
- describe candida characteristics; list the most common species and associate them with sensitivity / resistance to available antifungals
- describe the characteristics and natural history of cryptococcosis
- describe the characteristics and virulence factors of aspergillus; their mode of transmission, and the clinical findings
Ishodi učenja
- list and describe morpohology of round worms of medical importance
- describe the life cycle of trichinella and pinworm and relate them to diagnostic procedures
Ishodi učenja
- link clinical cases to the possible causative agent and correlate with microbiology diagnosis
Ishodi učenja
- link clinical cases to the possible causative agent and correlate with microbiology diagnosis
Ishodi učenja
link clinical cases to the possible causative agent and correlate with microbiology diagnosis
| Akademska godina | |
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| 2026/2027 | Download |