Course
Study programs
Medical Studies in EnglishYear of study
4ISVU ID
298316ECTS
3.5
Course objective is to teach medical students the fundamental principles of diagnostic radiology and image-guided interventions for clinically important and common disorders in different clinical settings. It includes basics of radiation physics, radiation protection, imaging modalities and use of contrast media in different radiological modalities. Course of Radiology aims to explain typical imaging patterns and features and to train students typical radiological features on clinical cases: consolidations, nodules, hyperlucencies, hyperinflation, air bronchogram in thoracic imaging; microcalcifications and masses in breast imaging; filling defects, outpouchings, obstructions, stenoses in gastrointestinal imaging; cystic and solid focal lesions on cross-sectional imaging modalities; osteolysis, sclerosis and periosteal reaction in musculoskeletal imaging; mass effect, haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions in neuroradiology; occlusions, pathologic vessels, aneurysms, dissections in vascular imaging; patterns of contrast imbibition and others. Common indications, contraindications and limitations of different imaging techniques should be discussed for each organ system. Another objective is to explain the value of radiological examinations in different clinical settings in context of evidence-based medicine. Along with diagnostic radiology procedures, students should observe basic interventional procedures such as catheterization techniques and arteriographies, image-guided biopsy sampling and drainages.
1. Elsayes KM, Oldham SAA. Introduction to Diagnostic Radiology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
2. Mettler FA. Essentials of Radiology, Fourth Edition. Elsevier 2019.
Chen MYM, Pope TL, Ott DJ. Basic Radiology, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.
- Attending all forms of classes.
- Preparing and presenting seminars in front of colleagues and teachers with topic discussion.
- Active participation in practicals with prior theoretical preparation, practical use of theoretical knowledge
- Taking written and oral exam.
All educational content for students will be available at the Merlin platform.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: List the imaging modalities used in diagnostic radiology.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe and compare imaging modalities, including their advantages and limitations.
Learning Outcome 3: Define and explain the process of selecting the appropriate imaging modality based on the patient's clinical presentation and working diagnosis.
Learning Outcome 4: List and differentiate projection imaging techniques and describe the differences between radiography and fluoroscopy.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Evaluate the advantages and limitations of ultrasonography.
Learning Outcome 2: Compare ultrasonography with other diagnostic imaging modalities.
Learning Outcome 3: Explain the advantages of ultrasonography according to the patient's body habitus.
Learning Outcome 4: Explain the differences between B-mode ultrasound imaging and Doppler ultrasound imaging.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Differentiate cross-sectional imaging techniques from projection imaging techniques.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the physical principles of image formation in computed tomography (CT) and describe its advantages over other imaging modalities.
Learning Outcome 3: List the contrast agents used in diagnostic radiology, compare their characteristics, and identify their contraindications.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Describe the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical practice.
Learning Outcome 2: Identify the differences between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images.
Learning Outcome 3: Define the basic physical principles underlying MRI.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Analyze the radiological anatomy of the thorax.
Learning Outcome 2: List the typical radiological patterns of inflammatory lung diseases.
Learning Outcome 3: Differentiate between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and viral pneumonia.
Learning Outcome 4: Describe the radiological patterns of tuberculosis.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Explain the role of radiology in the evaluation of pulmonary edema.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the radiological appearance of different types of atelectasis and pulmonary emphysema.
Learning Outcome 3: Describe the imaging findings of pulmonary thromboembolism.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Demonstrate the typical radiological manifestations of lung parenchymal tumours, with particular emphasis on lung carcinoma.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the imaging characteristics of pulmonary metastases.
Learning Outcome 3: Analyze mediastinal tumours according to their anatomical location.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Analyze interstitial lung diseases.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the typical imaging patterns of interstitial lung diseases.
Learning Outcome 3: Describe diseases of the pleura.
Learning Outcome 4: Explain the radiological signs of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and pleural tumours.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: List the radiological imaging methods used for cardiac imaging.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain ECG synchronization techniques in cardiac imaging.
Learning Outcome 3: Explain the role of radiology in the evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Describe the Seldinger technique.
Learning Outcome 2: Differentiate the radiological signs of diseases of the aorta and peripheral arteries.
Learning Outcome 3: Describe the application of radiological imaging methods in the diagnosis of venous system disorders.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Recognize the radiological signs of heart failure.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the radiological characteristics of valvular heart diseases.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Recognize minimally invasive vascular interventional radiology procedures.
Learning Outcome 2: List their applications in different clinical indications.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Recognize different minimally invasive interventional radiology procedures outside the vascular system.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the clinical significance of minimally invasive non-vascular interventional radiology procedures.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Describe the imaging characteristics of the neural axis on CT and MRI modalities.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the radiological patterns of intra-axial and extra-axial pathological changes.
Learning Outcome 3: Differentiate the radiological manifestations of traumatic lesions.
Learning Outcome 4: List inflammatory and infectious lesions of the central nervous system.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Identify typical toxic, degenerative, and metabolic diseases of the central nervous system with their characteristic imaging findings.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe degenerative changes of the vertebrae and typical degenerative changes of the intervertebral discs.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Discuss the radiological aspects of stroke.
Learning Outcome 2: Demonstrate CT and MRI findings of cerebral infarction.
Learning Outcome 3: Explain the different types of intracranial haemorrhage.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Describe the most common radiological entities in diseases of the orbits, skull base, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, salivary glands, and neck organs.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the advantages and limitations of CT and MRI techniques in imaging the head and neck region.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Discuss the specific considerations of radiological diagnostics in children, taking into account their increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation.
Learning Outcome 2: Discuss the most common indications for radiological examinations in neonatology, with emphasis on the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Describe normal bone anatomy on different imaging modalities.
Learning Outcome 2: Discuss the diagnostic capabilities of radiological methods in the evaluation of bones, joints, muscles, and tendons.
Learning Outcome 3: Identify the types of traumatic lesions of the musculoskeletal system.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Compare the radiological signs of osteoarthritis.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the progression of osteomyelitis on radiological imaging modalities.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Explain the differences between inflammatory and degenerative changes of joint structures.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the distinguishing characteristics of benign and malignant bone lesions.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Recognize the radiological characteristics of the gastrointestinal organs.
Learning Outcome 2: Identify radiological imaging methods used for the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Learning Outcome 3: Summarize the causes of dysphagia and the radiological characteristics of potential underlying conditions.
Learning Outcome 4: Evaluate the causes of upper abdominal pain using radiological imaging methods.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Discuss the causes of jaundice that can be diagnosed using radiological methods.
Learning Outcome 2: Describe the radiological diagnosis of choledocholithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Differentiate between cystic and solid pancreatic lesions.
Learning Outcome 2: Evaluate the diagnostic value of individual radiological imaging methods.
Learning Outcome 3: Recognize the radiological signs of ileus and determine the underlying cause.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Summarize the causes of lower abdominal pain and their typical radiological manifestations.
Learning Outcome 2: Justify the role of radiology in the evaluation of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Learning Outcome 3: Recognize the radiological signs of colorectal cancer that directly influence treatment selection.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Recognize the causes of urinary tract obstruction.
Learning Outcome 2: Evaluate the causes of macroscopic haematuria.
Learning Outcome 3: Describe the radiological signs of urothelial tumours and urinary tract trauma.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Differentiate between cystic and solid focal renal lesions.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the importance of radiological diagnostics.
Learning Outcome 3: Describe adrenal gland lesions and the clinical significance of adrenal adenomas in clinical practice.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Explain the role of radiology in assessing the extent of uterine and ovarian tumours.
Learning Outcome 2: Explain the importance of MRI in the management of prostate cancer.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Discuss the differences in the radiological appearance of benign and malignant breast lesions.
Learning Outcome 2: Compare diagnostic imaging modalities according to breast composition and the type of lesion.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcome 1: Explain the ALADA principle in radiology.
Learning Outcome 2: Demonstrate the importance of imaging protocols using clinical examples.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Practical sessions are designed to complement the lecture content in the field of diagnostic radiology. They are conducted over two days, with a total duration of five academic hours per day.
The learning outcomes of the practical sessions fully correspond to those of the lectures. The key difference is that learning outcomes expressed in the lectures by verbs such as describe, define, justify, and compare are reformulated during the practical sessions using higher-level, practice-oriented verbs such as recognize, analyze, justify, evaluate, and interpret.
During the practical sessions, students develop clinical reasoning skills for selecting the most appropriate imaging modality, taking into account established diagnostic imaging algorithms and the ALARA principle. They also acquire the practical competencies specified in the prescribed list of skills that students are expected to master.
Students will be able to explain the mechanisms of X-ray generation, including the physical principles underlying their production. This outcome enables an understanding of the fundamental concepts that are crucial for further study of radiological techniques and their applications in medicine. Students will understand the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the human body. This outcome includes recognizing potential risks and impacts of radiation on cells and tissues, which is essential for the safe application of radiological methods. Students will be able to apply the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) in practice, ensuring that radiation exposure is minimized during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This outcome emphasizes the importance of protecting patients and healthcare professionals. Students will be able to describe the basic principles of ultrasound and its applications in radiology. This outcome helps students understand how ultrasound works and what its advantages and limitations are in diagnostic medicine. Students will understand the fundamentals of computed tomography (CT) and the role of contrast media in enhancing diagnostic information. This outcome enables students to recognize when and how to use contrast agents for optimal examination results. Students will be able to explain the fundamental principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its application in clinical practice. This outcome allows for a deeper understanding of MRI technology and its significance in modern medicine.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Analyze conventional radiological imaging methods.
- Demonstrate anatomical structures on radiographs.
- Differentiate conventional radiographic examinations from fluoroscopic examinations.
- List the applications of fluoroscopy in interventional radiology.
- Describe patient preparation for ultrasound examination.
- Explain the advantages and limitations of ultrasound compared with other imaging modalities.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-02, DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-03
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain indications and contraindications for CT examinations.
- Explain indications and contraindications for MRI examinations.
- Explain the differences between CT and MRI and the advantages of each method.
- Describe the process of scheduling patients for radiological examinations.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-04
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-05
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-29
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the types of contrast media used in radiology.
- Identify different types of contrast media within each group and describe their characteristics.
- Differentiate the phases of contrast enhancement of tissues.
- Recognize examinations requiring intra-arterial administration of contrast media.
- Describe contraindications for contrast media administration.
- Evaluate the appropriate choice of contrast agent depending on the type of radiological examination.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-07
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the generation of X-rays.
- Differentiate the effects of ionizing radiation on cells (deterministic and stochastic effects).
- Explain the principle of justification when prescribing radiological examinations based on ionizing radiation.
- Define the ALARA principle.
- Summarize legal regulations related to professionally exposed medical workers.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-01
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the advantages of digital imaging systems.
- Recognize the PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System).
- Use the hospital information system.
- List the main components of the PACS system.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-30
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the standard imaging planes.
- Define the terminology used in ultrasound, CT, and MRI.
- Classify and differentiate different types of opacities.
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Demonstrate anatomical structures on chest radiographs.
- Explain the differences between standard chest radiographs and non-standard projections.
- Recognize and demonstrate pathological changes on chest radiographs.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-12
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
Explain the importance of computed tomography in the evaluation of the lung parenchyma and its advantages over chest radiography.
Discuss the selection of an appropriate imaging modality in suspected specific conditions such as pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, or pneumonia.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Demonstrate mediastinal anatomical structures on chest radiographs and CT images.
- Explain the differences in the visualization of mediastinal structures between standard chest radiography and CT.
- Recognize the most common pathological conditions of the mediastinum.
- List the morphological characteristics of lymphoproliferative disorders.
- Demonstrate the lymphatic regions of the thorax.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-12
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List and recognize the most common pathological conditions of the pleura.
- Describe the radiological features of mesothelioma.
- Describe the radiological features of asbestosis.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-12
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Describe the radiological anatomy of the heart on chest radiographs.
- Demonstrate the radiological anatomy of the heart on cardiac MRI.
- Recognize the signs of heart failure on chest radiographs.
- Recognize the signs of pulmonary edema on chest radiographs.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-13
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List pathological conditions of the pericardium.
- Recognize cardiac structures on cardiac MRI.
- Demonstrate the major blood vessels on cardiac MRI.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-13
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Recognize the anatomical structures of the cerebrum and cerebellum on CT images.
- Recognize the anatomical structures of the cerebrum and cerebellum on MRI images.
- Recognize the basic MRI sequences used in brain imaging.
- List inflammatory and infectious lesions of the brain.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-09
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the indications for brain CT in emergency conditions.
- Differentiate between intracerebral and extracerebral haemorrhages.
- Differentiate between ischemic lesions of the brain parenchyma.
- Explain the principles of active treatment of stroke.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-09
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Recognize traumatic injuries of the brain parenchyma.
- Recognize traumatic injuries of the spinal cord.
- Describe degenerative changes of the intervertebral discs.
- List tumours of the spinal cord.
- Demonstrate the anatomical structures of the pituitary gland and recognize pathological conditions.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-09
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Recognize significant intra-axial and extra-axial tumours.
- Discuss imaging modalities used in the evaluation of neurodegenerative diseases.
- Recognize signs of central and cortical atrophy.
- Select the appropriate imaging method according to the clinical scenario.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-09
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Recognize imaging methods used for evaluation of the head and neck region.
- Explain indications for CT and MRI according to the clinical indication.
- List indications for emergency CT examinations of the neck organs.
- Explain the advantages and limitations of MRI and CT in head and neck imaging.
- Describe normal and pathological lymph nodes.
- Demonstrate pathological lymph nodes on imaging studies.
- List imaging methods used for evaluation of the thyroid gland.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-10
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-24
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the selection of imaging methods in the pediatric population.
- Discuss radiation sensitivity in children.
- Describe the characteristics of skeletal radiographs in childhood.
- Explain the specific features of thoracic organs in the pediatric population.
- Describe hypertrophic pyloric stenosis on ultrasound.
- Describe intussusception.
- Explain the role of MRI in pediatric radiology.
- Recognize radiographic findings of bowel obstruction and atresia.
- Recognize developmental dysplasia of the hip on radiographs.
- Differentiate between benign and malignant bone tumours in childhood.
- Demonstrate pathological changes of the pulmonary parenchyma.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-22
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain differences in the imaging appearance of the musculoskeletal system depending on the imaging modality.
- List indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound.
- Differentiate types of bone fractures.
- Describe soft tissue injuries of joints.
- Recognize specific characteristics of fractures in children.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-21
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the differences between inflammatory joint diseases.
- Recognize typical imaging signs of inflammatory joint diseases.
- Explain clinically significant spondyloarthropathies.
- Describe degenerative skeletal changes.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-21
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Demonstrate characteristic benign skeletal lesions.
- Demonstrate characteristic malignant skeletal lesions.
- Explain the role of MRI in the evaluation of osteoarticular lesions.
- Explain the role of radiology in the management of polytrauma patients.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-21
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Describe the stages of osteomyelitis.
- Demonstrate the anatomy of the dentoalveolar system.
- List interventional procedures of the musculoskeletal system.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-21
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the diagnostic algorithm for patients presenting with right upper quadrant pain.
- Discuss the multimodality approach in the evaluation of biliary system diseases.
- Explain the role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of biliary system pathology.
- Explain the role of MRI and MRCP in the diagnosis of biliary system pathology.
- Describe the role of the radiologist in interventional procedures of the biliary system.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-18
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Select the appropriate imaging modality according to the clinical question.
- List the advantages of ultrasound compared with CT and MRI in the imaging of the liver, pancreas, and spleen.
- Explain multiphasic imaging protocols for liver evaluation.
- Explain the indications for MRI of the liver, pancreas, and spleen.
- Recognize ultrasound, MRI, and CT characteristics of the most common benign liver lesions.
- Recognize pathological findings of the liver.
- Recognize the signs of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
- Recognize abdominal organ changes associated with lymphoproliferative diseases.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-17
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-19
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List imaging methods used for evaluation of the small intestine.
- Explain the role of conventional radiography in the assessment of small bowel diseases.
- Explain pathological findings associated with impaired small bowel passage.
- Explain the role of CT in suspected small bowel ischemia.
- Explain the role of radiological examinations in inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease).
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-15
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List radiological imaging methods used for evaluation of the large intestine.
- Differentiate endoscopic examinations from radiological examinations.
- Recognize the radiological appearance of acute abdomen caused by large bowel obstruction.
- Explain the role of CT in the imaging of the large intestine.
- Describe patient preparation for large bowel examinations.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-16
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the indications for multiparametric MRI of the prostate.
- List the indications for MRI of the uterus.
- Explain the role of CT in ovarian cancer evaluation.
- Demonstrate the anatomical structures of pelvic organs on CT and MRI examinations.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-23
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-20
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
Recognize different imaging modalities used in the evaluation of the urogenital system.
Explain the role of ultrasound in the differentiation of renal parenchymal masses.
Explain the procedure and indications for urinary tract imaging.
Explain the role of conventional radiology and cross-sectional imaging techniques in diseases of the urogenital system.
Differentiate between inflammatory and expansile lesions of the renal parenchyma.
Explain patient preparation for urography examinations.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-23
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the importance of mammography in the detection of breast cancer.
- Discuss the advantages of different imaging modalities (ultrasound, mammography, MRI, and contrast-enhanced mammography).
- Explain the impact of breast tissue density on mammographic sensitivity.
- List the indications for breast ultrasound and breast MRI.
- Summarize the types of breast interventional procedures.
- Explain the BI-RADS lexicon.
- Summarize breast imaging guidelines.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-11,
https://doi.org/10.26800/LV-144-1-2-1
Learning outcomes
Learning Outcomes:
- List the methods used in interventional radiology (IR).
- Explain the advantages of IR compared with surgical procedures.
- Recognize vascular interventional procedures.
- Recognize IR techniques used in oncology patients.
- Recognize gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary interventional procedures.
- Recognize urogenital interventional procedures.
Preparation Literature:
DOI 10.26044/esr-modern-radiology-25
| Academic year | |
|---|---|
| 2026/2027 | Preuzimanje |